新目标八年级英语上册语法复习(人教版高二英语下册教学论文)（精选16篇）-九游会网址j9
以下是小编帮大家整理后的新目标八年级英语上册语法复习(人教版高二英语下册教学论文)，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。感谢网友“告别薇安”向本站投稿了16篇与“新目标八年级英语上册语法复习(人教版高二英语下册教学论文)”相关的素材。
篇1：新目标八年级英语上册语法复习(人教版高二英语下册教学论文)
新目标八年级英语上册语法复习
1) leave的用法
1.“leave 地点”表示“离开某地”。例如：
when did you leave shanghai?
你什么时候离开上海的？
2.“leave for 地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如：
next friday, alice is leaving for london.
下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。
3.“leave 地点 for 地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：
why are you leaving shanghai for beijing?
你为什么要离开上海去北京？
2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：
how should i know? 我怎么知道？
why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？
should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如：
we should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。
我们在使用时要注意以下几点：
1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。
例如：
you should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。
2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如：
you should go to the doctor if you feel ill.
如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如：
we should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。
she should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。
3) what...? 与 which...?
1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问
职业。如：
what is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？
该句相当于：
what does your father do?
what is your father's job?
which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
---which is peter? 哪个是皮特？
---the boy behind mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。
2. what...? 是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制；而 which...? 是特指，
所指的事物有范围的限制。如：
what color do you like best?（所有颜色）你最喜爱什么颜色？
which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow?
你最喜爱哪一种颜色？ （有特定的范围）
3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如：
which pictures are from china? 哪些图片来自中国？
4) 频度副词的位置
1.常见的频度副词有以下这些： always（总是，一直）
usually（通常）
often（常常，经常）
sometimes（有时候）
never（从不）
2.频度副词的位置：
a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如：
david is often arrives late for school.大卫上学经常迟到。
b.放在行为动词前。如：
we usually go to school at 7:10 every day.
我们每天经常在7：10去上学。
c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。如：
sometimes i walk home, sometime i ride a bike.
有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。
3.never放在句首时，主语、谓语动词要倒装。如：
never have i been there.我从没到过那儿。
5) every day 与 everyday
1. every day 作状语，译为“每一天”。如：
we go to school at 7:10 every day.
我们每天7：10去上学。
i decide to read english every day.
我决定每天读英语。
2. everyday 作定语，译为“日常的”。
she watches everyday english on tv after dinner.
她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。
what's your everyday activity? 你的日常活动是什么？
6) 什么是助动词
1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（auxiliary verb）。被协助的
动词称作主要动词（main verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，
例如：
he doesn't like english. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）
2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
he is singing. 他在唱歌。
he has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
he was sent to england. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
did you study english before you came here?
你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
i don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
he did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3.最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
7) forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do
1.forget to do忘记要去做某事(未做)；forget doing忘记做过某事(已做)
the light in the office is still on. he forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
he forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- the light in the office is still on.
---- oh，i forgot___.
a. turning it off b. turn it off
c. to turn it off d. having turned it off
答案：c。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，
因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而
自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
2.remember to do记得去做某事(未做)；
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
8) it's for sb.和 it's of sb.
1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如：
easy, hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：
it's very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，
如：good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
it's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
3.for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
you are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
he is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
9) 对两个句子的提问
新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势，现在采取的作
法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如：
句子：the boy in blue has three pens.
提问：1. who has three pens?
2. which boy has three pens?
3. what does the boy in blue have?
4. how many pens does the boy in blue have?
很显然，学生多了更多的回答角度，也体现了考试的灵活性。再如：
句子：he usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on sunday.
提问：1. who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on sunday?
2. where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on sunday?
3. what does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on sunday?
4. with whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on sunday?
5. what time does he usually go to the park with his friends on sunday?
6. when does he usually go to the park with his friends?
10) so、such与不定冠词的使用
1.so与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“so 形容词 a/an 名词”。如：
he is so funny a boy.
jim has so big a house.
2.such与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“such a/an 形容词 名词”。如：
it is such a nice day.
that was such an interesting story.
11) 使用-ing分词的几种情况
1.在进行时态中。如：
he is watching tv in the room.
they were dancing at nine o'clock last night.
2.在there be结构中。如：
there is a boy swimming in the river.
3.在have fun/problems结构中。如：
we have fun learning english this term.
they had problems getting to the top of the mountain.
4.在介词后面。如：
thanks for helping me.
are you good at playing basketball？
5.在以下结构中：
enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事
finish doing sth 完成做某事
feel like doing sth 想要做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事
go on doing sth 继续做某事
remember doing sth 记得做过某事
like doing sth 喜欢做某事
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事
find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事
see/hear/watch sb doing sth
看到/听到/观看某人做某事
try doing sth 试图做某事
need doing sth 需要做某事
prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事
mind doing sth 介意做某事
miss doing sth 错过做某事practice doing sth 练习做某 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事
can't help doing sth
禁不住做某事
12) 英语中的“单数”
1.主语的第三人称单数形式，即可用“he, she, it”代替的。如：
he,she, it，my friend, his teacher, our classroom, tom, mary's uncle
2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如：
man（单数）---men（复数） banana（单数）---bananas（复数）
3.动词有原形，第三人称单数形式，-ing分词，过去式，过去分词。如：
go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
当主语为第三人称单数的时候，谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。
如：
the boy wants to be a sales assistant.
our english teacher is from the us.
their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.
13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式
名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。
i 名词复数的规则变化
1.一般在名词词尾加-s。如：
pear---pears hamburger---hamburgers
desk---desks tree---trees
2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词，词尾加-es。如：
class---classes dish---dishes
watch---watches box---boxes
3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词，词尾加-es。如：
potato---potatoes tomato---tomatoes
negro---negroes hero---heroes
4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，将-y变为-i,再加-es。如：
family---families dictionary---dictionaries
city---cities country---countries
5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词，将-f或-fe变为-v，再加-es。如：
half---halves leaf---leaves
thief---thieves knife---knives
self---selves wife---wives
life---lives wolf---wolves
shelf---shelves loaf---loaves
但是：
scarf---scarves(fes) roof---roofs
serf---serfs gulf---gulfs
chief---chiefs proof---proofs
belief---beliefs
ii 名词复数的不规则变化
1.将-oo改为--ee。如：
foot---feet tooth---teeth
2.将-man改为-men。如：
man---men woman---women
policeman---policemen postman---postmen
3.添加词尾。如：
child---children
4.单复数同形。如：
sheep---sheep deer---deer
fish---fish people---people
5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。
即“中日瑞不变英法变，其它国把-s加后面”。如：
chinese---chinese japanese---japanese swiss---swiss
englishman---englishmen frenchman---frenchmen
american---americans australian---australians
canadian---canadians korean---koreans
russian---russians indian---indians
6.其它。如：
mouse---mice
apple tree---apple trees
man teacher---men teachers
14) 双写最后一个字母的-ing分词
初中阶段常见的有以下这些：
1.let→letting 让
hit→hitting 打、撞
cut→cutting 切、割
get→getting 取、得到
sit→sitting 坐
forget→forgetting 忘记
put→putting 放
set→setting 设置
babysit→babysitting
临时受雇照顾婴儿
2.shop→shopping 购物
trip→tripping 绊
stop→stopping 停止
drop→dropping 放弃3.travel→travel(l)ing 旅游
swim→swimming 游泳
run→running 跑步
dig→digging 挖、掘
begin→beginning 开始
prefer→preferring 宁愿
plan→planning 计划
15) 肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词
1.some变为any。如：
there are some birds in the tree.→there aren't any birds in the tree.
但是，若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中，some可以不变。如：
would you like some orange juice?
与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。
2.and变为or。如：
i have a knife and a ruler.→i don't have a knife or a ruler.
3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much。如：
they have a lot of friends.（可数名词）→they don't have many friends.
there is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可数名词）
→there isn't much orange in the bottle.
4.already变为yet。如：
i have been there already.→i haven't been there yet.
16) in与after
in 与 after 都可以表示时间，但二者有所区别。
1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中，以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间。如：
he will leave for beijing in a week. 一周后他会动身去北京。
2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中，以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间。如：
he left for beijing after a week. 一周后他动身去了北京。
不过，如果after后跟的是具体的时刻，它也可用于将来时。如：
we will finish the work after ten o'clock.十点后我们会完成工作的。
3.注意区分以下的in的用法。
i'll visit him in a week. 一周后我会去拜访他。
i'll visit him twice in a week. 一周内我会去拜访他两次。
17) 不定冠词a与an的使用
1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如：
there is a “b” in the word “book”. 单词book中有个字母b。
类似的字母还有：c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。
she has a small knife. 她有一把小刀。
2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如：
there is an “i” in the word “onion”. 单词onion中有个字母i。
类似的字母还有：a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。
do you have an umbrella? 你有一把雨伞吗？
3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用an；以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用a.如：
a useful book
a universe
a one-letter word
an hour
an uncle
an umbrella
an honest person
18) 如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”？
英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种，常见的有以下这些：
1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。如：
he put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。
you'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。
2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如：
the old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。
the girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。
3、dress 可作及物动词，有“给......穿衣”的意思，后接“人”，而不是“衣服”。如：
please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。
dress 也可作不及物动词，表示衣着的习惯。如：
the woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。
4、be in 表示穿着的状态。如：
john is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。
the man in black is a football coach.
19) a little, a few 与 a bit (of)
a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别:
1. a little 意为“一些、少量”，后接不可数名词。如：
there is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水。
还可以接形容词。如：
he is a little shy. 他有些害羞。
2. a few 意为“一些、少数”，后接复数的可数名词。如：
there are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人。
3. a bit 意为“一点儿”，后接形容词。如：
it's a bit cold. 有点冷。
a bit of 后接不可数名词。如：
he has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱。
4. a little和a few表肯定意义，little和few表否定意义；如：
there is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水。
there is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了。
i have a few chinese friends. 我有一些中国朋友。
few people like him. 几乎没有人喜欢他。
5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词；
a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词，意为“有
点儿”。
20) 关于like的用法
like 可以作动词，也可以作介词。
1、like 作动词，表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”，有泛指的含义。如：
do you like the color? 你喜爱这种颜色吗？
like 后可接不定式（like to do sth），也可接动词的-ing分词（like doing sth），有时意思不尽相同。如：
she likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果。（习惯）
she likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。（平常不喜欢吃）
like 与 would 连用，后接不定式，表示愿望或客气的请求。如：
would you like a cup of tea? 您愿意喝杯茶吗？
“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth”。如：they all like me to sing/singing english songs.
他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。
2、like 作介词，可译成“像......”。如：
she is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好，就像母亲一样。
it looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。
3、区分以下句子：
a. what does he look like? 他长相如何？(指一个人的外貌特征)
b. what is he like? 他人怎么样？ (指人的性格特点)
c. the boy like peter is over there. (句指外貌相似)
d. a boy like peter can't do it. (指性格相似)
21) stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth
1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”。如：
the students stop to listen to their teacher.
学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。
2. stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事”。如：
the students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话。
与它们相反的句式是：go on to do sth “继续做某事（与刚才一事不同）”
和 go on doing sth “继续做某事（与刚才同一件事）”。如：
he finishes his homework and goes on to study english.
他完成了作业，接着继续去念英语。
they went on playing games. 他们继续玩游戏。
22) tell, speak, say 与 talk
1. tell 意为“告诉、讲述”，指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲
述一件事。如：
he tells me that he wants to be a teacher.
他告诉我说他想成为一位教师。
father always tells interesting stories to us.
爸爸总是给我们讲有趣的故事。
tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”。如：
he told me something about his past. 他告诉我一些他的往事。
tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”。如：
david told his son to do the homework. 大卫要他的儿子去做作业。
2. speak 意为“说话、讲话”，后面主要接语言。如：
he can speak english and a little chinese.
他能讲英语和一点汉语。
speak to 意为“和.....讲话、谈话”。如：
can i speak to mr zhang? 我能和张先生讲话吗？
speak of 意为“提到、说起”。如：
the book speaks of my hometown. 那本书提到我的家乡。
3. talk 意为“谈话、讲话”，如果只有一方对另一方说话时，一般用 talk to；
如果双方或多方交谈，多用 with。如：
please talk to him right now. 请立即同他谈话。
he is talking with his friend. 他在和朋友交谈。
talk about 意为“谈论......”。如：
they are talking about the movie. 他们在谈论那部电影。
have a talk with 意为“与......交谈”。如：
can i have a talk with you? 我可以和你交谈吗？
4. say 意为“说”。如：
can you say it in english once more? 你能用英语再说一遍吗？
say to 意为“对......说”。如：
he said to his students that they would have a test.
他对他的学生说他们将有一个测试。
it is said that... 意为“据说”。如：
it is said that he could stay under the water for a long time.
据说他能呆在水里很长时间。
23) excuse me! 与 i'm sorry!
1. excuse me! 意为“打搅了！对不起！”，一般是为了与陌生人搭话，或者要打断对方所说（做）的事。如：
excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood?
请问，附近有旅馆吗？
excuse me, could i say something? 打搅一下，我能说一些吗？
2. i'm sorry! 意为“对不起！”，表示道歉。如：
i'm sorry, mr zhang. i won't do it again.
对不起，张先生。我不会这么做了。
24) 表示时间的 in、on 与 at
in, on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词（组）连用。
1. in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间。如：
in the morning 在上午 in may, 在五月
in a week 在一周之内（后）
it's sunday, i can finish it in two days.
现在是星期天，我能在两天后完成。（星期二）
rome was not built in a day. 罗马不是在一天内建起来的。
2. on 主要指在具体的一天。如：
on sunday 在星期天 on may day 在“五一”节
on a hot afternoon 在一个炎热的下午
he arrived in beijing on april 26,2004.
他于204月26日到达北京。
3. at 表示时间的一点或比较短的时间。如：
at 8:00 在八点 at noon 在中午
i always get up at 6:00 every morning. 我总是每天早晨六点起床。
it's always warm at this time of year. 每年的这个时候总是暖和的。
25) other及其用法
other 及其相近的词（组），如 others, the other, the others, another,
any other 等，一直是中学生朋友们比较困扰的问题，平常的考试、作业中经常出错。下面是它们的一些用法：
1、other 指其余的人或物，所有格是 other's，复数形式是 others;the other
指“两个人或物中的另一个”，其复数形式是 the others;others相当于“other 名词”，所以不能充当定语，修饰名词。others指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分，但不是全部的，即 some...others （一些...其余的人...）;the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部，即some...the others.
2、another泛指三个以上的不定数目中的“另外一个”。由 an 和 other 合
并构成，所以不能和冠词连用。another 修饰单数名词，比如：another pencil.
3、any other 指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物”，后面要用名词的单数形式。
26) look 短语
常见的look短语有以下这些：
1.look at 朝......看 (look at=have a look at)
please look at the map of china.请看中国地图。
2.look for 寻找
the old man is looking for his dog. 老人在寻找他的狗。
3.look like 看起来像
nancy looks like her mother. 南希看起来像她母亲。
4.look the same 看上去一样
li ping and li jing look the same. 李萍和李晶看上去一样。
5.look up 查找
please look up the word in the dictionary.请在词典中查找这个单词。
6.look over 仔细检查
the doctor looked over mary carefully. 医生仔细检查了玛丽。
7.look after 照顾，照看
you must look after your old father. 你必须照顾你的老父亲。
8.look around 到处寻找、查看
we looked around, but we found nothing strange.
我们四处查看，但是我们没有发现奇怪的东西。
27) too，also与either
1.too用于肯定句和疑问句，一般放在句尾，其前常加逗号。如：
we are in the same school, too. 我们也在相同的学校。
do you play soccer every day, too? 你也每天踢足球吗？
2.also用于肯定句和疑问句，一般位于实义动词前、be动词后。如：
sandra is also a korean student. sandra 也是一个韩国学生。
3.either用于否定句，一般放在句末。如：
they don't know the answer, either. 她们也不知道答案。
4.as well as也有“也”的意思。如：
we have great mushroom pizza as well as soda.
he is a happy boy as well.
28) hard与hardly
1.hard既可作形容词，也可作副词。如：
it's a hard (adj.) question. (=difficult) 这是一个难的问题。
the boy studies very hard (adv.). 那男孩学习非常努力。
句子结构：it's hard for sb to do sth 做某事对某人来说是难的。如：
it's hard for him to finish the work. 完成那项工作对他来说很难。
注意区分：hard work 困难的工作
work hard 努力工作
3. hardly是频度副词，表示否定的意思。（=almost not）通常用在形容词、
副词和动词之前。如：
i can hardly see it. 我几乎看不到它。
29) sometime,sometimes,some time与some times
记忆：sometimes(有时)some times(好几次)sometime(某一次)some time(一段)
口诀：分开是一段，相连为某时。分开s是倍次，相连s为有时
1.sometime是时间副词，指不确定的将来或过去某一点时间（某时候或任何时候），不指一段时间。如：
we'll go to beijing sometime next month.
我们下个月某一时候会去北京。
2.sometimes是频度副词，指“有时”、“不时”的意思（=at times）。如：sometimes i get up very late on sunday morning.
有时候我在星期天早晨起得很晚。
3.some time是名词词组，指一段时间（一些时间或若干时间）。如：
it took him some time to finish the book.她花了一些时间去完成作业。
4.some times指“几次”。如：
he met the woman some times last month. 上个月他见过那妇女几次。
30) exercise的一些用法
1.作不及物动词，译为“运动，锻炼”。如：
david exercises every morning. 大卫每天早晨进行锻炼。
2.作及物动词，译为“训练”。如：
swimming exercises the whole body. 游泳能使身体得到全面的锻炼。
3.作名词，译为“体育锻炼、运动、体操、练习题”等。如：
it's good to do eye exercises every day.
每天做眼保键操对眼睛有好处。
please do more exercise from now on. 从今以后请多做运动吧。
i have lots of homework to do tonight. 今晚我有很多的作业要做。
4.注意：exercise指具体运动或体操时是可数名词，复数形式为exercises；
泛指运动时是不可数名词。
31) maybe与may be
1.maybe是副词，译为“也许、可能”，相当于“perhaps”。如：
maybe he can answer the question. 也许他能回答那个问题。
he maybe is from the usa, too. 他可能也来自美国。
2.may be中的may为情态动词，译为“可能是......”。如：
he may be from the usa, too. 他可能也来自美国。
she may be our english teacher. 她可能是我们的英语老师。
32) same与different
1.same指“相同的”，前面通常要有一个定冠词the，但是如果same前面已
经有this，those等词，就不能再与the连用了。如：
we are in the same class. 我们在同一个班级。
结构：the same as 与......一样 如：
his mark is the same as mine. 他的分数和我的分数一样。
2.different译为“不同的”，其后的可数名词应为复数形式。如：
we are in different classes. 我们在不同的班级。
结构：be different from 与......不同 如：
this sweater is different from that one. 这件毛衣与那一件不同。
different的名词形式为difference, 复数形式为differences。
33) 动词want的用法
1. want sth. 想要某物
they want some help. 他们需要一些帮助。
2. want sb. to do sth. 想要某人去做某事
my father wants me to help him on the farm.我父亲要我在农场上帮他。
3. want to do sth. 想要做某事
i want to study english in england. 我想要在英国学习英语。
4.want doing 需要...
your sweater wants washing. 你的运动衣该洗了。
34) be good(bad) for、be good at的相关用法
1.be good for 对......有益
doing morning exercises is good for your health.
做早操对你们的建康有益。
2.be good at 擅长于......
li ping is good at basketball. 李平擅长于篮球。
= li ping is good at playing basketball. 李平擅长于打篮球。
be good at = do well in 如：
i'm good at math. = i do well in math. 我擅长于数学。
3.be good to 对......好
parents are always good to their children.
父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。
35) how many与how much
1.how many表示“多少”，对数量提问，后面接可数名词的复数形式。如：
there are four people in my family.
---how many people are in your family? 你家里有几个人？
we have seven classes every day.
---how many classes do you have every day? 你们每天上几节课？
2.how much也是表示“多少”，但它对不可数名词进行提问。如：
there is some milk in the bottle.
---how much milk is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少牛奶？
3.how much还可以对价格提问，表示“多少钱”的意思。如：
the yellow t-shirt is only 35 yuan.
---how much is the yellow t-shirt? 那件黄色的t恤衫多少钱？
36) with的几个用法
1.with表“和、同、与”。如：
can you go to the park with me? 你能和我一起去公园吗？
2.with表“用、以、被”。如：
don't write with the red pen. 不要用那支红色的钢笔写字。
3.with表“随着”。如：
climate varies with the time of the year.气候随着时令的不同而不同。
4.with表“带有、有......的”。如：
the girl with long hair is my classmate. 长头发的女孩是我的同学。
5.with表“因为、由于”。如：
they were angry with hard work. 他们因为艰难的工作而生气。
6.一些with结构： play with 与......一起玩
be angry with 对......生气
talk with 与......交谈
get on well with与......相处融洽
37) a lot of(lots of)与many,much
1.a lot of意为“许多、大量”,相当于lots of.它既可以修饰可数名词，又
可以修饰不可数名词。如：
i have a lot of friends in china. 我在中国有很多朋友。
the old man has lots of money. 那位老人有很多的钱。
2.many意为“许多”.它用来修饰可数名词。如：
do you have many beautiful skirts? 你有很多漂亮的裙子吗？
3.much意为“大量”.它用来修饰不可数名词。如：
there is much water in the lake. 湖里有大量的水。
4.a lot of（=lots of）用在肯定句中，而many，much不受限制。如果将一个含有a lot of（=lots of）的肯定句改为否定句或疑问句，要将它们
改为many或much。如：
we can see a lot of birds in the tree.
---we can't see many birds in the tree. 我们在树上看不到很多鸟儿。
he wants lots of soda.
---does he want much soda? 他需要许多汽水吗？
38) help用法举例
help既可以作名词，也可以作动词。
1.help作名词，意为“帮助”。如：
he needs some help. 他需要一些帮助。
2.help作动词，也是“帮助”的意思。如：
can you help me? 你能帮帮我吗？
3.help的结构：
help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事
=help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事
如：they want to help the boy carry the heavy box.
=they want to help the boy with the heavy box.
他们想要帮助那位男孩搬那个重箱子。
39) well的用法
well可以作副词，也可以作形容词。
1.well作副词，意为“（某事干得）好”。如：
the boy draws very well. 男孩画得很好。
2.well作形容词，意为“健康、安好”。如：
i'm not feeling well. 我觉得不舒服。
40) ago与before
ago与before都表示“......以前”，但用法有所区别。
1.ago意为“以前”，表示从此刻算起的若干时间之前，常用于过去时的句子
中。如：he took a photo a week ago. 他一周前照了一张相片。
2.before作为副词时表示：
a.从过去某一时刻算起的若干时间以前，用于过去完成时的句子中。如：
the boy had already seen the comedy before.
那男孩以前已经看过那部喜剧片了。
b.笼统的“以前”，用于一般过去时或现在完成时的句子中，一般单独使
用，而ago不可以单独使用。如：
he's read this novel before. 他以前读过这部小说。
41) need的用法
1.need作实义动词，意为“需要”。如：
do you need to stay at home? 你要呆在家里吗？
2.need作情态动词，一般用于对must的否定回答。如：
---must he leave now? 他必须离开吗？
---no, he needn't. 不，他不必。
3.区分：
a.need作实义动词。
he needs to go.
he doesn't need to go.
does he need to go?
yes, he does./no, he doesn't.
b.need作情态动词，一般不用于肯定句。
he needn't go.
need he go?
yes, he need./no, he needn't.
42) decide的几种句式
1.decide to do sth 决定去做某事
they decide to fly kite on weekend. 他们决定在周末去放风筝。
2.decide on doing sth 决定做某事
they decide on flying kites. 他们决定放风筝。
3.decide on sth 就某事决定......
betty decided on the red skirt. 贝蒂选定了那条红裙子。
4. decide的名词形式为decision，
结构：make a decision，意为“做决定”。如：
he has made a decision. 他已经做一个决定了。
43) too many,too much与much too
1.too many意为“太多”，用于修饰可数名词的复数。如：
there are too many students in our class. 我们班上有太多的学生。
2.too much意为“太多”，用于修饰不可数名词。如：
we have too much work to do. 我们有太多的工作要做。
3.much too表示“太”，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：
the box is much too heavy, so i can't carry it.
箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。
44) can的用法
1.表示能力。如：
we can carry the heavy box. 我们可以搬得动箱子。
who can sing an english song? 谁会唱英文歌？
2.表示惊讶、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。如：
can it be true? 这会是真的吗？
you can't be serious? 你不会当真吧？
3.表示允许，意思与may相近，主要用于口语中。如：
can i smoke here? 我可以在这儿吸烟吗？
can i go with him? 我可以跟他一起去吗？
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇2：语法系列复习-----情态动词与虚拟语气 (人教版高二英语上册教学论文)
语法系列复习专题-----情态动词与虚拟语气
一、一般疑问句中几个情态动词的问与答
1. need i/he/…?
yes,you/he/…must.(不用need)
2. must i/ he/…?
no,you/ he/…needn’t/don’t(doesn’t,won’t)have to.(不用mustn’t)
3. may i/ he/…?
no,you/ he/…mustn’t.(少用may not)
4. could(can)you…?
yes,i can (不用could)
5. shall i/she/ he…?
no,you(she,he)needn’t/can’t/mustn’t
二、情态动词表“推测”
1.can,may,must使用的句式：
1)肯定陈述句中：must表“肯定、必定、一定”意，may/might表“也许，或许”意。
2)否定陈述句中：can’t/couldn’t表“不可能”意，may not/might not表“也许不、可能不”意。
3)疑问句中：只能用can或could,不能用must,may或might。
注意：表推测的could,might并不是指过去时间，而是表示比can,may把握性略小些的情况。
2.对目前状态的推测：
1)must/may/might/can/could＋be＋表语
例如：she must be a teacher.她肯定是老师。she can’t/couldn’t be a doctor.她肯定不是医生。 he may not/might not be a doctor.他可能不是医生。
2)must/may/might/can/could＋一些不能用于进行时的静态动词(如:have,exist,live,like,hate,own,belong to等)
例如：she must have her own car,for she has a lot of money.
that kind of bird may live in the valleys.
3.对目前正在发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could＋be doing
例如：they must be waiting for us.他们肯定正在等我们。
she may/might be doing her homework.她可能正在做作业。
can/could he be playing football?他会正在踢足球吗？
4.对已发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could＋have done
例如：there’s no lignt in the room. they must have gone to bed./she knows nothing about the film. she can’t/couldn’t have seen it./can/could he have been a doctor?/he may/might(not)have been a teacher./they must have been watching tv at nine last night./can/could she have stayed in beijing last year?
注意：will have done句式也可表“肯定/可能已经…”推测意。
例如：he will have learned advanced mathematics,for he knows a lot about it. 他肯定/可能学过高等数学，因为他对此懂得很多。
三、“情态动词＋have done”用法
1.should/ought to ＋have done,意“本应该…”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：you should have come here a little earlier./i ought to have sent him to school./
2.shouldn’t/oughtn’t to＋have done,意“本不应该”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：you shouldn’t have watered the flower./i oughtn’t to have scolded her for such a small thing.
3.might have done,意“过去可能做”；could have done意“本能够做”，两者都含有委婉批评或遗憾之意，也可表对过去情况的推测。
例如：he might have gone to nanjing with professor wang.last week,but he was ill.上星期他本可以和王教授一起去南京的，可他病了。we could have finished the work ahead of time.我们本来是能够提前完成工作的。
四、情态动词在反意疑问句中的用法
1.“肯定祈使句＋附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would/won’t you形式。
例如：stand still,will/would/won’t you?
2.“否定祈使句＋附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would you形式。
例如：don’t watch tv,will/would you?
3.let’s…,shall we? ; let us…,will/won’t you?
4.含有must句子的反意问句
1)must表示“必须”时，附加部分常用needn’t,也可用mustn’t.例如：he must go with you,needn’t/mustn’t he?
2)mustn’t表“一定不能”时，附加部分用may.例如：she mustn’t leave,may she?
3)must表“一定、想必”推测意时，附加部分主要有下列几种形式：
a.he must be an engineer,isn’t he?they must be writing now,aren’t they?(这类句子问句前部分含“must be…”或“must be doing…”。)
b.she must have a car/live there, doesn’t she?
c.he must have seen the film,hasn’t he？(这类句子问句前部分的谓语为must have done,句子无具体过去时间状语。)
d.he must have seen the film last week,didn’t he?(这类句子问句前面部分的谓语为must have done,句子有具体过去时间状语。)
e.mother must have been shopping then,wasn’t she?(前面部分谓语为must have been doing。)
5.含有may表推测的句子，其反意问句形式与must表推测的反意问句形式相似。
例如：she may have finished her homework,hasn’t she?
五、几组词语辨析
1.must与have to:must强调说话者的主观看法，have to强调客观需要，表示“不必”意要用needn’t或don’t/didn’t/won’t have to,不能用mustn’t。
2.can/could与be able to:can多用于现在时，也可用于将来时，could只用于过去时，be able to可用于各种时态。表示“过去经过努力而做成(或没做成)”要用was/were(not) able to ，而不用could(not)。例如：he worked hard,but he wasn’t able to pass the exam.
3.will,would,used to:都可表“习惯”意。①will表示不受时间限制的习惯性动作。如：fish will die out of water./ she’ll sit for hours without saying anything.
②would表示过去习惯性的动作，但不涉及与现在情况的对比。如：he would walk by the river in the morning.注意：would后不能跟表状态动词。例如不能说he would be late for school last year. ③used to表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但这种习惯现在已不存在了。如：he used to get up early. he used to be late for school.
4.dare与need
六、虚拟语气在if引导的条件句的用法
1)与现在事实相反的结构：
2）与过去事实相反的结构：
3）与将来事实相反的结构：
**当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如：
if you had worked hard, you would be very tired.
(从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.)
5以上句型可以转换成下列形式:
**省略if,用“were, have, should 主语”. 例如:
were i in school again, i would work harder.
had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
should there be a meeting tomorrow, i would come.
**用介词短语代替条件状语从句：but forwithout.例如:
without air, there would be on living things.
but for your help, i couldn’t have done it.
七、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
1.“wish 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为“可惜……”. “……就好了”, “悔不该……”, “但愿……”等.
表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would(could) 动词原形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望时用“had 过去分词”或“(could)would have 过去分词”.例如:
i wish it were spring all the year round.
i wish you could go with us.
we wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2.虚拟语气在动词一个坚持（insist）；两个命令（order，demand）;三个建议(advise,suggest,propose);四项要求（demand,require,request,ask）,等后面的宾语从句中用“(should) 动词原形”.例如:
we suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
we insisted that they (should) go with us.
the doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
he demanded that we (should) start right away.
**注意:insist作“力言”, “强调”解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,只有当insist作 “坚持(认为)”, “坚持(应该)”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气.例如:
mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
又如suggest
3.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句
作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should) 动词原形”.例如:
we all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to beijing for
sightseeing.
my idea is that we (should) exercises first．
4.虚拟语气在 as if(as though)中，引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用．
如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时，指现在状况，则用过去时，指将来则用过去将来时．例如：
he looked as if he were an artist.
he speaks english so fluently as if he had studied english in england．
even if he were here，he could not solve the problem．
5.虚拟语气用于主语从句．
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“ should 十动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等．例如：
it is necessary( important，natural，strange，etc) that … we should clean
the room every day.
it was a pity ( a shame，no wonder，etc) that you should be so careless．
it will be desired( suggested，decided，ordered，requested，proposed，etc)
that she should finish her homework this afternoon．
在上述三种主语从句中，should意为“应该”,“竟然”，可以省去，但不可换用would.主句所用动词的时态不限．
注意：这种从句表示的是事实．如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气．反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述语气，例如：
it is a strange that he did not come yesterday.
it is a pity that you can’t swim．
八.几种常见的其他虚拟语气结构
1.虚拟语气用于定语从句
这种从句常用在 it is( high) time( that)…句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或 should十动词原形( should不能省略，be用 were)来表示，意为“(现在)该……”。例如：
it is ( high) time we left (should leave).
lt is high time we were going.
2.虚拟语气用于 if only引导的感叹句中,用法同.wish
if only i had taken his advice.
我要是听他的话就好了．
if only i were a bird．我如果是一只鸟就好了．
3.虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
l)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中，例如：
it would be better for you not to stay up too late．
would you be kind enough to open the door?
2)用于一些习惯表达法中，例如：
would you like a cup of tea?
i would rather not tell you. you had better go now．
3)用“ may 十动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”． may须置于句首，例如：may you be happy! may you succeed!
4.would rather-----
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇3：语法复习主谓一致 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习专题主谓一致
一、考点聚焦
1、语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 the number of students in our school_________1,700.
mary and kelly________ alike.
2、意义上一致
（1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。
the crowd ______ runing for their lives.
单数形式代表复数内容的词有people、police、cattle等。
（2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。
the news is very exciting.
形复意单的单词有new、works（工厂）、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physics、poli-tics、economics等。
3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如果连词or、either … or、neither … nor、not only … but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
eg.either you or i________ mad.
4、应注意的若干问题
（1）名词作主语。
①某些集体名词如family、team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。 my family_________going out for a trip.
the whole family _________ watching tv.
这类词常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。
population和“a group(crowd)of 复数名词”也适用于这种情况，强调整体用单数，强调各个部分用复数。
②某些集体名词如people、police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。
③单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。
a sheep ________over there. some sheep________over there.
④名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等；作主语时，动词一般用单数。 my uncle’s________not for from here.
常见的省略名词有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the zhang’s等。
表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：
richardson’s_________a lot of old goods to sell.
⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数。
thirty years ________ passed. five minutes _______enough to finish the task.
⑥不定代词each、every、no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
each boy and each girl in my class ________a dictionary.
⑦如果主语有more than one … 或many a … 构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，它的谓语动词用单数形式。 more than one student _____ seen the play.
many a boy________ bought that kind of toy.
但是，“more 复数名词 than one”结构之后，谓语用复数。
⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等。
但如果主语用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名词构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 a pair of shoes ________ on the desk.
⑨this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书)，其谓语动词；短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。如：
this kind of men _______dangerous. men of theis kind/sort ________dangerous.
⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means、works、species(种类)、chinese、japanese等。当它们的前面有 a、such a、this、that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all、such、these、those修饰时，谓语用复数。
(11)如果名词词组中心词是all、most、half、rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，反之用单数。
all of my students work hard. all of the oil _______gone.
(12)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：
between the two windows __________an oil painting.(hang)
（2）由连接词连接的名词作主语。
①用and或both … and 连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
truth and honesty ________the best policy.
to love and to be loved _______the great happiness.
going to bed early and getting up early _______a good habit.
a knife and fork_________ on the table.
②当主语后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引导的词组时，采取“就远原则”。
③以or、either … or、neigher … nor、not only … but also等连接的词作主语时，采取“就近原则”。
（3）代词作主语。
①名词型物主代词连接的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。 ours (our party) ________a great party.
your shoes ________ white, mine (= my shoes)_______ black.
②such、the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
such ________our plan. such _________ his last words.
③关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
④疑问词who、what、which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。 who lives next door? it________xiao liu.
who lives next door? it __________wang and li.
⑤不定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时，要注意下列情况：
（a）单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。now all has been changed. all are present.
（b）其后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。
do (es) any of you know about the accident? none of us has(have) seen the film.
（4）分数、量词作主语。
①“分数或百分数 名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of 名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如：
lots of damage_________caused by flood.
a number of students ________ gone to the countryside.
a large quantity of people _________needed here.
quantities of food (nuts) ________ still on the table.
②a great deal of、a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
③表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
one and a half apples________ left on the table.(be)
④half of、(a)part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。
(5)名词化的形容词作主语。
如果主语由“the 形容词（或分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。这类词有the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded等。如表抽象的也可以用单数，如the unknown、the beautiful等。
（6）从句作主语。
①由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。
what we need _________more money.
what we need__________ more people/teachers.
②在“one of 复数名词 who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式。如one前有the only则用单数形式。
this________one of the most interesting stories that ______been told by my father.
she_________the only one of the girls who_________late for class today.
（7）不定式、名动词（短语）作主语用单数形式；there be句型中be的单复数取决于be后的第一个词的数。
there ______a book, two pens on the desk.
there ______two pens, a book on the desk.
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1.-each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________to go to university.
-so do i .(上海 ) a.hope b.hopes c.hoping d.hoped
解析：答案为b。本题考查主谓一致中的意义一致原则，不定代词either、neither、each、one、the other、another以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义一致的原则采用单数形式，排除a。选项c是非谓语动词的一种，不能单独作谓语，亦应排除。根据答语中的时态又可排除选项d。
2.the number of people invited _________ fifty, but a number of them __________ absent for different reasons.（nmet ）
a.were; was b.was; was c.was; were d.were; were
解析：答案为c。本题考查the number of和a number of 的区别。“the number of 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是number,“a number of 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是of后的复数名词或代词，故谓语动词分别用单、复数。解题关键在于仔细区分哪个是真正的主语。
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篇4：语法复习：句子成分 常用句式 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习：句子成分 常用句式
一、句子成分
句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
练习一
1、用符号划出下列短文各句中的句子成分：
i hope you are very well. i'm fine, but tired. right now it is the summer vacation and i'm helping my dad on the farm. august is the hottest month here. it is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day i work from dawn until dark. sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. we grow rice in the south of the states, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. we have a lot of machines on the farm. although the farm is large, my dad has only two men working for him. but he employs more men for the harvest. my brother takes care of the vegetable garden. it doesn't often rain in the summer here. as a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. every evening we pump water from a well. it then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
2、给下列文字加上标点符号。
during a bullfight a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring the crowd began to shout but the drunk didn't realized the danger the bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap the bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk the crowd suddenly grew quiet the drunk however seemed quite sure of himself when the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass the crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed by this time however three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.
the answer: during a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. the crowd began to shout, but the drunk didn't realize the danger. the bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap. the bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk. the crowd suddenly grew quiet. the drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. when the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass. the crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed. by this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside. even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.
二、常用句式
按句子的用途可分四种：
1） 陈述句（肯定、否定）
否定句型
一般否定句：（改为否定句）
he dares to tell the truth. he doesn’t dare to tell the truth.
he used to live in a quiet village. he used not to live in a quiet village.(he didn’t use to)
he has two brothers. he doesn’t have two brothers./he has not two brothers.
he has two pieces of bread for breakfast. he doesn’t have two pieces of bread for breakfast.
he has to copy other’s idea. he doesn’t have to copy others’ idea.
半否定句
we hardly/seldom/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.
i know little spanish. i saw few people.
特指否定
i don’t think/believe/guess/suppose/imagine you are right.
部分否定
all the answers are not right
all is not gold that glitters
i don't know all of them.
i can't see everybody/everything.
both of them are not right.
2) 疑问句型
反意疑问句及回答
he is a teacher, isn't he? yes, he is. no, he isn’t
it isn’t that cheap, is it? yes, it is. no, it isn’t
you must have told lies yesterday at the court, didn’t you?
否定疑问句及回答
haven’t the police found the murderer? yes, they have. no, they haven’t
3).祈使句：
祈使句的反意疑问句及回答be careful, boys; don’t talk in class; you, clean the kitchen today. will you?
4）感叹句：
the moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）how brightly the moon is shining!
按句子的结构可分三种
（一） 简单句
i、主语 谓语：
it is raining now.
we've worked for 5 hours.
the meeting lasted half an hour.
time flies.
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect.
1. 让我们立即行动起来. (act)
let’s act at once/ immediately
2. 乌云低沉沉的,天下着大雪.(hang,)
dark clouds hung overhead, and a heavy snow fell/ it snows heavily.
3. 恰好他身边有钱. (happen)
he happened to have some money with him.
4. 慢慢地她脸上露出了一丝笑容. (appear)
gradually a smile appeared on her face.
5. 背起书包我急忙赶到学校. (hurry)
i hurried to the school with my schoolbag.
6. 他满面笑容. (smile)
he is smiling all over his face. or: he wears a smile on his face.
7. 我英文学得不错. (do)
i did well in english.
ii.主语 系动词 表语：
常见的系动词有： be, look, feel, prove, sound, taste, smell, seems, appear, stay, keep, go, come, get, turn, become, remain等。
1. 从自行车上掉下来, 他受了伤. (get)
he fell of his bike and got hurt.
2. 他提的意见证明是正确的. (prove)
his advice proved (to be) right.
3. 商店开到八点. (stay)
the shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
4. 机器出了毛病. (go)
the machine went wrong.
5. 这些努力似乎全都白费了. (seem)
all these efforts seem in vain
6. 这话听起来有道理. (sound)
these words sound reasonable.
7. 房里一会儿就挤满了人. (become)
the room soon became crowded.
iii、主语 谓语 宾语： 可分为以下几种情况：
⑴ 主语 谓语 宾语
⑵ 主语 谓语 宾语(人 物)
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来）， give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等。
⑶ 主语 谓语 宾语 宾补
1. 祝一路平安.
wish you a pleasant journey.
2. 你让我等了三个钟头。
you keep me waiting for three hours.
3. 他捡起了香蕉皮扔到了垃圾箱里。
he picked up the banana peel and threw it in the dustbin.
4. 给我几分钟考虑一下。
give me a few minutes to think.
5. 我去开门。
i’ll go and answer the door.
iv. “there be” 的句型（即 there be 主语 地点/时间状语），其中be 动词可以有各种时态变化，可替代的词有：used to be, seems to be, happen to be, live, stand, lie, sit, come, seem, exist.
there is going to be a meeting tomorrow.
there lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
there came a shout for “help”.
there must have been a village here.
1. 最近几年,这个村庄发生了巨大的变化. (be)
recently there have been great changes in this village.
2. 恰好河上有座桥. (happen)
there happens to be a bridge over the river.
3. 过去这条河上有座桥. (used to)
there used to be a river over the river.
4. 他的回答应该没有什么可怀疑的。（should）
there should be nothing doubtful.
5．山顶上有一个塔. (stand)
there stands a tower on top of the hill.
6．十字路口处站着一个警察. (stand)
there stands a policeman at the crossing.
（二） 并列句
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
（三） 复合句
综合填空：
1. give me one more minute ____ i’ll be able to finish it.
a. and b. or c. if d. so
2. it’s the third time that john has been late, ____?
a. hasn’t he b. isn’t he c. isn’t it d. hasn’t it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
a. how b. what c. what a d. what an
4. let us pass, ____?
a. shan’t we b. shall we c. won’t we d. will you
5. i suppose he’s serious, ____ ?
a. do i b. don’t i c. is he d. isn’t he
6. you had better not smoke here, ____?
a. will you b. had you c. shall you d. have you
7. train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
a. then b. but c. and d. or
8. i’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
a. and b. but c. so d. because
9. john has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
a. henry hasn’t too b. henry also has not either c. neither henry has d. neither has henry
10. there are many sports lovers in his office. some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
a. or b. for c. while d. so
11. ---- do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?
---- i’d like to go out. a. or b. and c. but d. so
12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“it’s 38 degrees.”
a. which b. how c. how hot d. how high
13. ---- your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____.
a. yes, he isn’t b. no, he isn’t c. no, he is d. he is
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
a. how, is she b. what, is she c. how, she is d. what, she is
15. mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
a. or b. so c. for d. yet
16. mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
a. was making b. makes c. is making d. made
17. he lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
a. but b. and c. or d. yet
18. ---- i’d really like some lunch but i have so much work to do.
---- ____ what you want and i can get it for you.
a. tell me b. if you would say to me c. you will tell me d. if you tell me
19. as he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
a. yet he b. but he c. and d. he
20. ---- i thought you had an umbrella. ---- i had, ____ i’ve lost it.
a. since b. but c. because d. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
a. turning b. to turn c. turned d. turn
22. ---- i don’t like chicken ____ fish. ---- i don’t like chicken ____ i like fish very much.
a. and, and b. and, but c. or, and d. or, but
23. ---- would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- i’d like to, ____ i’m too busy.
a. and b. so c. as d. but
24. would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
a. and b. then c. or d. otherwise
25. she set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
a. arriving b. to arrive c. having arrived d. and arrived
26. “can’t you read?” mary said ____ to the notice.
a. angrily pointing b. and point angrily c. angrily pointed d. and angrily pointed
27. she thought i was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, i was talking about my daughter.
a. whom b. where c. which d. while
28. ____ it with me and i’ll see what i can do.
a. when left b. leaving c. if you leave d. leave
29. ---- alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- but i fed it yesterday.
a. do you b. will you c. didn’t you d. don’t you
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
a. mind b. glance at c. stare at d. watch
31. excuse me for breaking in,_____ i have some good news for you.
a. so b. and c. but d. yet
32. the parkers bought a new house but ______ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
a. they b. it c. one d. which
33. you had one of your teeth pulled out yesterday, _______?
a. had you b. hadn't you c. did you d. didn't you
34. ______ some of this juice--perhaps you'll like it.
a. trying b. try c. to try d. have tried
35. one more week, _________ we will accomplish the task.
a. or b. so that c. and d. if
36. there is no light in the dormitory. they must have gone to the lecture, _____?
a. didn't they b. don't they c. mustn't they d. haven't they
37. be sure to write to us,______?
a. will you b. aren't you c. can you d. mustn't you
38. ______from beijing to london!
a. how long way it is b. what a long way is it
c. how long way is it d. what a long way it is
39. don’t smoke in the meeting-room, ________?
a. do you b. will you c. can you d. could you
40. bill’s aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising tv is illegal, ______?
a. isn’t it b. is it c. isn’t he d. is he
41. there are eight tips in dr roger’s lecture on sleep, and one of them is: ______ to bed early unless you think it is necessary.
a. doesn’t go b. not to go c. not going d. don’t go
42. ________ straight on and you’ll see a church. you won’t miss it.
a. go b. going c. if you go d. when going
1~5 acadd 6~10 bcbdc 11~15 adbcc 16~20 abadb 21~25 dddcd 26~30 addbd
31-35 cbdbc 36-40 d adba 41-42da
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇5：高三语法复习： 状语从句 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高三语法复习：
状语从句
1.时间状语从句。
引导时间状语从句的有：when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, no sooner…than…, hardly…when…等。
（1） when, while和 as
when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用与主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。while引导的从句中谓语动词必须是能够延续的动词，强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重动作的持续性和对比性。如：while i was sitting there, he told me an interesting story．as用于引导“在某行为的继续中发生某事”的“继续之行为”，所以多与过去进行时连用。并常用来表示两种发展变化中的情况。
when they came home, i was cooking dinner.
she watched tv while (she was) eating.
as i was walking down the street, an american asked me for directions to the nearest station.
as the day went on, the weather got worse.
(2) 时间状语从句还有几个特殊的引导词。
如：every time, each time, next time, the day, the year, the minute, the moment 和副词immediately, directly, instantly等.
a.every time i saw him, i would like to listen to his songs.
b.i came to the house the moment he was about to leave.
c.i recognized her the minute i saw her.
d. he left europe the year world war ii broke out.
e. my sister came directly(=as soon as) she got my message.
f. the machine will start instantly you press the button.
(3) since 和 before 的用法异同。
it is/ has been some time since sb did sth.
it was / is / will be some time before sb did/ do sth
it is just a week since we arrived here.
it’s a long time since i met you last.
how long is it since you were in ningbo ?
it was years before i came back from abroad. it will be five years before we meet again.
it wasn’t long before he came back..
since 其后的动词不同,起算的时间也不同.
since 瞬间动词过去式 (从该动作发生时算起)
since 持续性动词的过去式 ( 从该动作结束时算起)
he worked very hard since he entered the factory.
we haven’t seen each other since i worked in the factory.
(从我不在厂工作以来……)
she has never been to visit me since i was ill. (病愈以来)
(4)till& until意义相同，多数情况下可换用，但用以强调，句首多用until；在强调结构或与not连用时多用until。例如：nothing can be done till/ until the boss returns.
i waited for him until he came back.
he didn’t go to bed until he had finished the work.
until we know the facts, we can’t do anything about it.
(5) no sooner…than, hardly…when和scarcely… before相当于as soon as之意, 其引导的从句中谓语动词要用 had done。当 hardly, scarcely和 no sooner置于句首时,语气较强, 主句的谓语要部分倒装. 例如:
we had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.
the spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.
no sooner had the spy returned home than he was told to go to another country.
2. 地点状语从句由where或 wherever引导，在主句前，后均可．
where 表特指，wherever表泛指
i found the books where i left them.
make a mark where you have any questions.
wherever he happens to be, john can make himself at home.
(1) 地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。如：
where there’s a will, there’s a way.
wherever there’s plenty of sun and rain, the fields are green.
(2) where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别。where引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词,而在定语从句中 where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面。 如：
go back where you came from
go back to the village where you came from.
bamboo grows best where it’s wet and rainy.
bamboo grows best in places where it’s wet and rainy.
3. 原因状语从句because, since, as, for,
because表直接的原因,语气最强.
since “既然”:一般放在句首,表已知的原因,全句重在交代结果,语气比because弱.
as 放在句首或句末,说明因果关系,语气较弱,重点在主句,译作“由于”for表间接原因，用来补述内容．放在主句后.语气最弱.
since (as) it was raining, you ‘d better take a taxi.
because he is ill, he is absent today.
he must be ill, for he is absent today.
as he is from the south, he is unaccustomed to the dry weather in beijing.
在强调句型中,引导从句只能用because, 不能用 since或as.
it was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.
4. 条件状语从句
引导词: if, unless, so/ as long as用一般现在时表示一般将来时
in case anything important happens, please call me up.
i’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.
if only(要是…就好了; 但愿) 常表示愿望或一未实现的条件,尤用于感叹句.
if only he arrives in time!
if only i had met him earlier!
if only it would stop raining!
on condition(that)=provided (that) =providing (that) ( 假若; 倘使)
supposing (that) =if
you can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.
i’ll go providing my wages are paid.
supposing it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?
*在条件状语从句中,如果条件状语从句的主语同主句主语一致或是无人称代词, 从句的谓语动词或助动词 be, 可将从句的主语和动词 be一起省略.
if (it is) necessary, i’ll go with him.
if (it is) important, i’ll write this article.
目的和结果状语从句
目的:so that… in order that… ( 情态动词)
结果: so that, so/ such… thathe studied even harder so that he might catch up with the top students in a possible short period.
he studied even harder so that he caught up with the other students.
he made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.there are so many people in the room that we could’t get in.
方式状语从句
方式状语从句放在主句之后，用as, just as, as if, as though 等引导。
注意:
1) as 表行为方式
2) as if 引导的从句表示与事实相反或不可能实现时,从句用虚拟语气。
比较状语从句
引导词: than, as… as,
the more… the more…he didn’t do as much as he had
promised.
now we can produce much more
steel than japan.
the higher you stand, the farther you will see.
注意被比较的内容应一致
the weather here is hotter than that( = the weather) in your hometown.the girls in your class are more active than those in our class.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇6：语法复习六：状语从句 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习六：状语从句
由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。
（一）时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。
e.g. when i came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
he started as soon as he received the news.
once you see him, you will never forget him.
no sooner had i gone to bed than i went to sleep.
（二）原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。
e.g. he is disappointed because he didn't get the position.
as it is raining, i will not go out.
now that you mention it, i do remember.
（三）地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。
e.g. sit wherever you like.
make a mark where you have a question.
（四）目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。
e.g. speak clearly, so that they may understand you.
she has bought the book in order that she could follow the tv lessons.
he left early in case he should miss the train.
（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。
e.g. she was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.
he was so excited that he could not say a word.
she is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。
e.g. if he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
you may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
so far as i know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.
you can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.
if he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
（七）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
e.g. though he is a child, he knows a lot.
child as he is, he knows a lot.
whatever ( = no matter what ) you say, i’ll never change my mind.
（八）方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。
e.g. you must do the exercise as i show you.
he acted as if nothing had happened.
（九）比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。
e.g. i have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
he smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.
the busier he is, the happier he feels.
（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. we’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
i’ll write to you as soon as i get to shanghai.
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 be”部分。
e.g. when (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
if (you are) asked you may come in.
if (it is) necessary i’ll explain to you again.
3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
e.g. you are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）
tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）
i don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）
where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）
this place is where they once hid.（表语从句）
练习、状语从句
一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句：
1. child as she is, she knows a lot of things.
2. the more i can do for the class, the happier i’ll be.
3. he talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.
4. he is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.
5.i shall go to the park unless it rains.
6. no sooner had i got home than it began to rain.
7. where there is water, there is life.
8. he studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.
9. since you are very busy, i won't trouble you.
10. even if (though) i fail. i’ll never lose heart.
11. once you begin the work, you must continue.
12. i will find her wherever she may be.
13. now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.
14. he was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
15. we must do everything as he tells us.
16. india is much bigger than japan.
17. no matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.
18. as (so) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.
二、用适当的连词填空：
1. dr. bethune (白求恩) came to china __________ he was fifty.
2. he began to work __________ he got there.
3. let's begin our meeting __________everyone is here.
4. i like the english people, __________ i don't like their food.
5. __________ you go in china, you can see smiling faces.
6. he didn't come to the lecture, __________ he was very busy.
7. __________we had enough time, we walked to the cinema.
8. they will help you __________ you meet with difficulty.
9. _________ we came to the university, we have learnt quite a lot.
10.i didn't join them yesterday evening __________ i had to go to an important meeting.
11. we would try to get a car __________we could all travel together more easily.
12. she wouldn't forget her mother's birthday __________ she seldom wrote to her family.
13. we're doing everything we can to make things as easy for you ___________we can.
14. the meeting became so disorderly __________ the speaker had to shout the audience down.
15. he was angrier __________ ever before.
16. __________ you lock all the doors, he can still manage to get in.
17. the boy was so tired __________ he fell asleep on the bus.
18. hard _________ he tried, he couldn’t force the door open.
三、选择填空：
1. i’ll let you know ____ he comes back.
a. before b. because c. as soon as d. although
2. she will sing a song ____ she is asked.
a. if b. unless c. for d. since
3. we will work ____ we are needed.
a. whenever b. because c. since d. wherever
4. read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.
a. so that b. if c. when d. although
5._____ you go, don't forget your people.
a. whenever b. however c. wherever d. whichever
6. it is about ten years _____ i met you last.
a. since b. for c. when d. as
7. they will never succeed, _____ hard they try.
a. because b. however c. when d. since
8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home.
a. when b. because c. though d. as
9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working.
a. as b. although c. even d. in spite of
10. busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you.
a. as b. when c. since d. for
11. i learned a little russian _____ i was at middle school.
a. though b. although c. as if d. when
12. _____ we got to the station, the train had left already.
a. if b. unless c. since d. when
13. _____ the rain stops, we' 11 set off for the station.
a. before b. unless c. as soon as d. though
14. she was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch.
a. so, that b. such, that c. very, that d. so, as
15. we didn’t go home _____ we finished the work.
a. since b. until c. because d. though
16. i'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back.
a. even if b. as though c. because d. until
17. although it's raining, _____ are still working in the field.
a. they b. but they c. and they d. so they
18. speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better.
a. since b. so that c. for d. because
19. you'll miss the train ______ you hurry up.
a. unless b. as c. if d. until
20. when you read the book, you' d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.
a. at which b. at where c. the place d. where
21. we'd better hurry ______ it is getting dark.
a. and b. but c. as d. unless
22. i didn' t manage to do it _____ you had explained how.
a. until b. unless c. when d. before
23._____ he comes, we won't be able to go.
a. without b. unless c. except d. even
24. i hurried _____ i wouldn't be late for class.
a. since b. so that c. as if d. unless
25. _____ i catch a cold, i have pain in my back.
a. every time b. though c. even d. where
26. what's the matter _____ they still haven't answered the telegram?
a. when b. that c. though d. however
27. bring it nearer _____ i may see it better.
a. although b. even though c. so that d. since
28. you may arrive in beijing early _____ you mind taking the night train.
a. that b. though c. unless d. if
29. helen listened carefully _____ she might discover exactly what she needed.
a. in that b. in order that c. in case d. even though
30. more people will eat out in restaurants _____ they do today.
a. than b. when c. while d. as
31._____ hard she tries, she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework.
a. much b. however c. as d. although
32. poor _____ it may be, there is no place like home, _____ you may go.
a. as; wherever b. though; whenever c. in spite of; when d. that; wherever
33. the child was __ immediately after supper.
a. enough tired to go to bed b. too tired to go to bed
c. so tired that he went to bed d. very tired, he went to bed
34. the history of nursing __ the history of man.
a. as old as b. is old than c. that is as old as d. is as old as
35. _____ born in chicago, the author was famous for his stories about new york.
a. since b. once c. when d. although
36._____ we stood at the top of the building, the people below were hardly visible.
a. as b. although c. unless d. in spite of
37. scarcely was george washington in his teens _____ his father died.
a. than b. as c. while d. when
38. _____ david goes, he is welcome.
a. whichever b. however c. wherever d. whatever
39. the house stood _____ there had been a rock.
a. which b. at which c. when d. where
40. small _____ it is, the pen is a most useful tool.
a. because b. so c. if d. as
41. after the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _____ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
a. as twice many b. as many twice c. twice as many d. twice many as
42. the piano in the other shop will be _____, but _____.
a. cheaper; not as better b. more cheap; not as better
c. cheaper; not as good d. more cheap; not as good
43. john plays football _____, if not better than, david.
a. as well b. as well as c. so well d. so well as
44. although he is considered a great writer,
a. his works are not widely read b. but his works are not widely read
c. however his works are not widely read d. still his works are not widely read
45. ___ the day went on, the weather got worse.
a. with b. since c. while d. as
46.-what was the party like?
-wonderful. it' s years _____ i enjoyed myself so much.
a. after b. when c. before d. since
47. it was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ i realized she was a famous film star.
a. when; that b. until; that c. until; when d. when; then
48. if we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is.
a. what b. how c. however d. whatever
49. after the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre.
a. that b. where c. which d. when
50._____, mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
a. however late is he b. however he is late
c. however is he late d. however late he is
51. he will come to call on you the moment he ____ his painting.
a. will finish b. finished c. has finished d. had finished
52. ____ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to complete it in time.
a. no matter b. no wonder c. though d. however
53. it was ____ that she couldn’t finish it by herself.
a. so difficult a work b. such a difficult work c. so difficult work d. such difficult work
参考答案
语法复习六：状语从句
一、
1. child as she is, she knows a lot of things. 让步
2. the more i can do for the class, the happier i’ll be.比较
3. he talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.方式
4. he is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.结果
5.i shall go to the park unless it rains.条件
6. no sooner had i got home than it began to rain.时间
7. where there is water, there is life.地点
8. he studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.目的
9. since you are very busy, i won't trouble you.原因
10. even if (though) i fail, i’ll never lose heart.让步
11. once you begin the work, you must continue.时间
12. i will find her wherever she may be. 让步
13. now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.原因
14. he was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.结果
15. we must do everything as he tells us.方式
16. india is much bigger than japan.比较
17. no matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.让步
18. as (so) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.条件
二、1. when; 2. as soon as; 3. as; 4. though; 5. whwerever; 6. because; 7. since; 8. whenever; 9. since; 10. because; 11. so that; 12. though; 13. as; 14. that; 15. than; 16. even if; 17. that; 18. as
三、1~5 cadac 6~10 abcba 11~15 ddcab 16~20 dabad 21~25 cabba
26~30 bccbd 31~35 bacdd 36~40 adcdd 41~45 ccbad 46~50 dbcbd
51~53 cdd
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篇7：语法复习十六：数 词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习十六：数 词
高考重点要求：
1．掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。
2．掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。
数词在各个题项中，单选、阅读、听力、写作中发挥着很强的作用，往往用以说明事实的精确性和可信性。数词是由两大部分构成的即基数词和序数词，而其他数字表示法如分数，小数等均由这两大部分的不同组合而构成。
（一）基数词：表示数目的词为基数词，它的构成如下表：
范 围 特 点 实 例
1~12 无规律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
13~19 以teen为结尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen
20~90 以ty结尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety
21~99 十位与个位之间要加连字符 “-” twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine
101~999 百位与十位之间通常用and three hundred and twenty-five（美语中常将and省略）
千以上 6275-six thousand two hundred and seventy-five；1200-twelve hundred
（二）序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词，它的构成如下表：
范 围 特 点 实 例
1~19 各基数词尾加th 其中七个例外：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, 其余，如：four - forth, six - sixth, nineteen - nineteenth
20,30~90 把y变i后加eth twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth
21以后多位数 最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词 21st - twenty-first, 110th - one hundred and tenth
（三）数词的用法：
1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式列表
示例 英语表示法
．6．30 june 30,2001 30june,2001 30thjune, 2001
7：25 seven twenty-five twenty-five past even
12:54 twelve fifty four six to one
9:15 nine fifteen a quarter past nine
2:30 two thirty half past two
21:50 twenty-one fifty 9:50p.m.
第21 twenty-first
第123 one hundred and twenty-third
a half
two and two-fifths
20% 20 per cent 20 percent
第七路公共汽车 bus number seven
第201房间 room 201
人民路153号 153 renmin road
4 8 =12 four plus eight is twelve
11-7=4 eleven minus seven is four.
6×5=30 six times five is thirty.
20÷5=4 twenty divided by five is four.
a＞b a is more than b.
a＜b a is less than b.
a≈b a is approximately (近似地, 大约)equals to b.
a≠b a is not equal to b.
2.约数表示法列表
含义 英语表达 例句
大于某数 more than he has lived here for more than twenty years.
over she is over fifty.
or more there're thirty people or more in the meeting-room.
小于某数 less than i have less than (not more than )fifty dollars.
under children under seven are not allowed to enter.
below he would not sell it for below a hundred fifty dollars.
or less the coat might cost him sixty dollars or less.
大约（某数） nearly she is nearly fifty now.
almost its almost three o'clock.
up to up to ten men can sleep in this tent.
or he spent four or five days writing the article.
or so the distance is twenty miles or so.
about i visited that village about three years ago.
some their team has some four or five players.
more or less the container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water.
around/round let's make it round/around eight o'clock.
3.不定数量词“多”的表示法列表
被修饰名词的数 英语表达 汉译
修饰可数名词 dozens of 几十、许多
scores of 许多
many, a good(great) many, many a (饰单数可数名词) 许多、大量
hundreds of 数以百计
thousands of ,thousands upon thousands of 成千上万
millions of 数百万
billions of 亿万
修饰不可数名词 much , a great (good)deal of ,
a large amount of ,large amounts of 许多、大量
修饰可数名词或不可数名词 a lot of /lots of ,plenty of, a large quantity of ,
large quantities of 许多、大量
练习、数 词
1. two __died of cold last winter.
a. hundreds old people b. hundred old people
c. hundreds old peoples d. hundred old peoples
2. he was only in__ at the time.
a. his 20's b. the 20's c. his twenties d. the twenties
3. the two great men wrote those letters in__ .
a. 1870's b. 1879s c. the 1870's d. the 1870
4. i wonder if i can ask him__ time.
a. four b. fourth c. the fourth d. a fourth
5. he came out__ in the track events.
a. first b. one c. the first d. the one
6. it was in 1939 that __broke out.
a. world war second b. the world war second c. second world war d. world war ii
7. you'll have to spend __writing your report here.
a. one day or two days b. one day or two c. a day or two d. two days or one
8. he cut the cake__ .
a. in halves b. in half c. into halves d. into half
9. the earth is nearly__ the moon.
a. 50 time the size of b. 50 times the size of c. 50 times as size as d. 50 times as that of
10. either you or the headmaster __the prizes for these gifted students at the meeting.
a. is handing in b. are to hand out c. are handing in d. is to hand out
11. __of the population here are peasants.
a. 20 percents b. 20 percent c. the 20 percent d. the 20 percents
12. it's about__ , the thickness of a human hair.
a. two-fifteenth b. two-fifteenths c. two fifteen d. two fifteens
13. the price of such material was reduced__ .
a. by 18 percent b. to 18 percent c. at 18 percent d. for 18 percent
14. south of the equator, 81 percent of the surface of the earth__ water.
a. is b. are c. was d. were
15. they sold __boxes of such sweets last week.
a. four dozen b. four dozens c. four dozens of d. four dozen of
16. it took me __ days to finish drawing a beautiful horse.
a. a half dozen b. half a dozen c. haft dozens d. half dozen
17.__people were sent there to help fight against the flood.
a. three scores of b. three score of c. three score d. three scores
18. don't leave you work,__ .
a. done half b. half done c. a half done d. done a half
19. nobody can do two things well __ .
a. at one time b. at once c. one time d. once
20. he has__ books in his study.
a. several thousands b. some thousands of c. some thousands d. some thousand of
21. on national day__ people take part in all kinds of celebration.
a. hundreds of millions of b. millions of hundred of
c. hundreds millions of d. millions hundreds of
22. he has lived at__ for 30 years.
a. no. 101 heping street b. 101 heping street c. heping street 101 d. heping street no. 101
23. you can find him in__ .
a. room 201 b.201 room c. the room 20 d. the 201 room
24. it's__ walk from here to my school.
a. two - hours b. two hours c. two - hour d. a two - hour
25. it was in__ when he was already in ___ that he went to yan'an.
a. the 1940s, the 40s b. the 1940s, his forties c. 1940's, his forties d. the 1940's, his 40s
26. he went to the market and bought __eggs and some meat.
a. three dozen of b. three dozen c. three dozens d. three dozens of
27.shortly after the accident two ___police were sent to the spot to keep order.
a. dozen of b. dozens c. dozen d. dozens of (met92 29)
28.mr smith ___me to buy several __eggs for the dinner.
a. asked, dozen b. suggested, dozens of c. had, dozen d. persuaded, dozens of ('94上海)
29.____of the land in that district ___covered with trees and grass.
a. two fifth, is b. two fifth, are c. two fifths , is d. two fifths, are (上海)
30.two ___died of cold last winter.
a. hundreds old people b. hundred old people
c. hundred old peoples d. hundred old peoples ('88met.15)
31.it is not rare in ___that people in ____fifties are going to university for further education.
a.90s,the b. the 90s, / c.90s, their d. the 90s, their ('99上海 6)
32.-have you seen many sheep in the distance ? -yes, ___.
a. thousand of them b. two thousands of them
c. two thousand of them d. two thousand them
语法复习十六：数 词
1．b
2. c 表示“几十”的数字的复数与所有格代词一起来用以表示人的年龄，本句为“二十多岁”。
3．c 定冠词“the”和数的复数形式在一起表示年代。
4．d 序数词前面加不定冠词表示“又一次”(已经四次了)
5．a 这里“first”有人说起副词作用，可以看成表语，也可以看做一种“取得第一名”的习惯用法。
6．d 序数词和名词共同构成的专有名词还可以是thc second world war的形式。
7．c 只有c项为正确的表达方式，或者也可以写成“one or two days”．再如：one hour and a half或one and a half hours．
8．b “in half”表示“分成一样大小的两半”。也可以说“cut…in two”
9．b 再如twice the height(depth，width，weight，etc．)of
10．d either…or…连接主语用就近原则。be to hand out the prizes意为“要颁发奖品”。
11．答案为b。百分比作修饰语，前面不加冠词且不能加复数。
12．答案为b。分数做定语，分子用基数词，分母为序数词，当分子大于1时，分母用复数，本题中，其它表达方式均不正确。
13．答案为a。表增加或减少的数量的百分比，用by 百分数表示。
14．答案为a。不可数的名词的百分比用单数；可数名词的百分比则用复数。c项时态不对，另如：90 percent of the population here are peasents．这个句子中population的意思是people．
15．答案为a。“dozen”与数词或many，several等词连用时复数一般不加s，故b、c两项不选。此外，dozen与数词连用做定语，一般也不加of．当然也有例外：place them in dozens on the table．dozens表数量很多。two dozen of these are wanted．dozen后面有of因为有限定词these，the等。dozens of people were here．dozens of也表示“很多”。
16．答案为b。“半打”的表达方式一定要用“hall a dozen”。
17．答案为b。score做定语修饰名词用a(three)score of，而不用复数形式；常用“scores of”为其复数形式，意为“大量”，但有：three score and ten，a score or more
18．答案为b。“hall”起副词作用，修饰过去分词“done”，因为这个过去分词表状态，故“half”应在“done”前。再如：well done，well known，不用a half修饰done，故不选c、b两项。
19．b意为“同时”，不是“立刻”。
20．b
2l．a 如：tens of thousands of(小数在前，大数在后)thousands and thonsands of(两数一样大)。
22．b 居住的门牌号用介词at 号数 街道名“。
23．a
24．答案为d。”walk“作为名词，常与不定冠词连用。注意：在表数量的合成词中，名词部分为单数，如：a two-year-old boy．
25．答案为b。”在20世纪40年代“，必须有定冠词”the“．此外，年代后要加's或s。”他已经40多岁了“要用in his forties。
26．答案为b。dozen与数词或多或少several, many连用时，复数不加s。dozens of表示数量很多，在修饰有these，the等词限定的名词时，可用dozen of的形式。如：three dozen of these eggs.
27.c 28.a 29.c 30.b 31.d 32.c
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇8：语法复习十四：代 词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习十四：代 词
it 的用法
1．作人称代词
john likes playing pingpong．/ he always does it in the afternoon．(指代上下文提到的事物)；/ it's time we went home. / how far is it from here to your home ? / it is getting warmer and warmer．/ it's very quiet at the moment．(可指时间、天气、环境等)
2．引导词
a．作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
it's important for us to learn a second language．/ it's no use talking to him．/ it's known to all that the earth goes round the sun．
b．作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。
we feel it our duty to help others．/ he made it clear that he would leave the city．
c．强调结构：it is (was) 被强调部分＋that (或who)…
注意: 在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。
it was in shanghai that i bought the guitar．(that引起强调句)
it was shanghai where i bought the guitar．(where引起定从)
it was twelve o'clock when we arrived there．(when引起时间状语从句）
it was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there．（that 引起强调句）
3. it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。
nmet2000，23．
---why don't we take a little break? ---didn't we just have __________?
a．it b．that c．one d．this
nmet2001，25．
the parkers bought a new house but _________will need a lot of work before they can move in．
a．they b．it c．one d．which
one 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。
不定代词
不定代词种类较多，用法各异，在使用中一定要注意区别。
1、both，either ，neither 都表两者范围，在句中作主语、宾语、定语 ，both可用作同位语。 both 意为”两者都“，either 表”两者中任一个“，neither表”两者都不“。
2、any，none ，all 表三者或三者以上范围，any 表任何一个、一些(不可数或复数概念，用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中)；none 表三者或三者以上中的哪一个都不；表示不可数物中的一点儿也没有；all 整个的；所有的(三者或三者以上)；所有的(不可数)。
e.g.this book is a good seller，so you can buy it at any shop in beijing．/ none of us are/is perfect．/ all of the village was flooded．
3、no one，nobody，none，nothing：no one，nobody表没有人，nothing 指没有什么事物，none 兼指人和物。none 着眼于数量概念。”特指的人或物一个也没有，一点儿也没有“。
----how many people are there in the hall ? ----none．
----who wants to go with him ? ----no one(nobody)．
----what can you see in the bottle ? ----nothing．
----is there any water in it ? ----none．
4、another，the other，the other 复数名词(或the others)，other (或other 复数名词)：another 表三者或三者以上范畴中的任一；与数词连用，表”再有“；the other 表两者中的另外那个，特指；the other 复数名词(或the others)，另外那些，表示其余所有的人或物，用于特指；others (或other 复数名词)另一些，表余下人或物中的另一些，泛指。
---i don't like this，show me another one．(nmet 2000，16)
if you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15．
a．another b．other c．more d．each (a)
人称、物主、反身、指示代词
高考重点要求
1．掌握人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词、指示代词的基本用法。2．重点掌握不定代词的指代含义及数的情况，能通过语境准确选取答案。3．掌握it的基本用法。
一．人称代词
1）分清主格和宾格形式。
eg：---i love you more than her，child ．/ ---you mean more than ___love her or more than she loves____? a． you；me b．i；you c．you；you d．i；me
2)注意约定俗成的用法。
---who is it ? ---it's me ． ---i'd like to have a rest ． ---me，too．
3）使用we 和you 泛指一般人
4)使用she代表国家、船只、月亮、大地等
china is a great country．she has a long history．
5)并列主语或宾语中顺序是：you，he(she) and i； we，you and they
二．物主代词：名词性物主代词――在句中做主语、宾语、表语、补足语，构成双重所有格：a friend of mine 。形容词性物主代词――只能起定语作用。
三．反身代词
1) 在句中作宾语、表语和同位语；2)单复数的确定；3)在一些语境中的特殊含义。
e.g. i'm not quite myself today．我今天不大舒服。/ make yourself at home．不要拘礼；请随便吧。 / don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．别紧张，喜欢吃什么就吃什么。/ have you enjoyed yourself today? 你今天玩得愉快吗？
四．指示代词
（一）this，that，these those
1．在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
2．this(these)一般指时间和空间上较近的人或物，而that (those)常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。e.g. this is a novel and that is a magazine．
3．this(these)一般指后面要讲到的事物，而that(those)常指前面讲到的事物。e.g. what he told me is this：he wanted to go to beijing．/ he didn't come．that is why he didn't know．
4．that，those 常用来指代前面提到过的某个名词。e.g. the oil output in was higher than that of 1995．( that 代替oil output) / the cars made in japan are better than those in germany．
（二）such
such引起倒装句，谓语数取决于后面主语的数：e.g such is my answer．/ such are our people．
做定语，注意和so 的区别，尤其是在so …that， such…that 句型中。e.g. i have never seen such beautiful flowers．(复数名词前，so 不可) / i have never seen such a great film．(也可为so great a film) / we have such beautiful weather today that we should go out for an outing．(不可数词前，不可用so) / there are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．(在数量概念的many，much，little，few 之前，不可用such )
练习（一）、代 词
一、强化训练：
1. new english-chinese dictionary has been republished several times,_____ more up to date than the last edition.
a. any b. everyone c. either d. each
2. after paying 1,000 dollars_____ ,you'll all become full members of our club.
a. each b. all c. every d. both
3._____ was her cruelty that we all hated her.
a. it b. what c. that d. such
4. mary has been ill in bed for a week. i wonder if she is _____ better now.
a. much b. some c. any d. very
5. -which of these two ties will you take? -i don't like these. do you have any_____ ?
a. one b. other c. ones d. others
6. i' d rather ride a bike as bike riding has _____ of the trouble of taking buses.
a. much b. all c. neither d. none
7. i need some blue ink today but there is _____ at hand.
a. not b. nothing c. a little d. none
8. i found the very watch of mine _____ i had left _____ .
a. where, it b. that, it c. which, one d. where, one
9. i haven't got time to get the tickets. who's going to ____?
a. do so b. do it c. buy it d. do them
10. -jack certainly has a high opinion of susan. it can't be better than _____of him.
a. hers b. she c. that d. her
11. -shall we introduce ____ fire-fighting equipment from abroad? -go ahead, if necessary.
a. other b. a few more c. another d. some other
12. -how about the price of these refrigerators? -they are equal in price to, if not cheaper than,_____ at the other stores.
a. others b. it c. that d. the ones
13. -i dislike _____ when others laugh at me in public or speak ill of me behind. -so do i.
a. them b. those c. it d. that
14. -which do you prefer, classical music or pop music? -_____. i prefer folk music.
a. either b. both c. none d. neither
15. why don' t you trust and use old tom? he is still as strong as _____ in the team.
a. nobody b. anybody else c. everybody d. somebody else
16. -are the new methods taking any effect? -yes,_____ articles are stolen from our supermarket.
a. few b. more c. some d. none
17. during the meeting a young man cried out suddenly and threw his notebook at the chairman,_____ brought the room to disorder.
a. it b. and which c. and that d. this
18. i've just seen no more than one copy of gone with the wind in the bookshop opposite. tom, go and buy_____ back.
a. one b. any c. it d. some
19. -do you have _____ at home now? -no, we still have to get scores of eggs and some vegetables.
a. nothing b. everything c. anything d. something
20. nancy is expecting another baby and hopes _____ will be a boy.
a. he b. that c. it d. there
21. surely it's _____ with the big nose you mean, not ____!
a. he, i b. him, me c. him, i d. he, me
22. the temperature can fall to –30℃. _____ is,30°c below freezing point.
a. which b. it c. that d. this
23. -the exam was easy, wasn't it? -yes, but i don' t think _____ could pass it.
a. somebody b. everybody c. anybody d. nobody
24. cut the apple into halves so that the twins may each get _____ half.
a. every b. each c. another d. either
25. _____ of us can do everything, but all of us can do _____ .
a. none, something b. some, everything c. few, something d. few, nothing
26. -may i help you with some gloves, sir? -yes, i'd like to try those blue ____.
a. one b. ones c. pair d. two
27. of all my friends _____ will be able to persuade tom to change his mind. he is so firm upon it.
a. none b. nobody c. neither d. no one
28. -is he content to accept our offered price?
-yes. he cares more about the quality. money is _____ to him.
a. everything b. anything c. nothing d. something
29. i have no idea which was better, so i took ____ of them.
a. both b. none c. all d. any
30. you mustn't always do _____ as he asks you to do. he may be wrong sometimes.
a. anything b. something c. nothing d. everything
31. i'm no painter, and to me, one painting is much like .
a. another b. the other c. others d. one
32. i didn't want either of ____ hats and asked the salesman to show me_____.
a. those, another b. two, the other c. all, the others d. both, others
33. the children were catching butterflies in the garden. some caught a lot, and others caught _ at all.
a. nothing b. none c. no one d. neither
34. thank you very much indeed. that' s _____ of you.
a. kindest b. most kind c. the kinder d. the most kind
35. jack is a very likable fellow, but i've learned to take _____ he says with a grain of salt.
a. something b. anything c. nothing d. everything
36. -i love you more than her, child. -you mean more than ____ love her or more than she loves ____?
a. you, me b. i, you c. you, you d. i, me
练习（二）、代 词
二、高考题选：
1. was it during the second world war _____he died? (met88)
a．that b. while c. in which d. then
2. is _____necessary to take off our shoes when we enter the lab? (met88h)
a．everyone b. this c. her d. it
3．is _____possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? (met88)
a．now b. that c. it d. man
4．his parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _____family was poor．(met88)
a．of whom b. whom c. of whose d. whose
5．_____leaves the room last ought to turn off the light． (met88)
a．anyone b. the person c. whoever d. who
6．_____writer is better known in china，charcles dickens or mark twain? (met88)
a．which b. what c. either d. whether
7．---have you seen tom and mary? ---i haven' t seen _____of them．(met88)
a．neither b. any c. either d. all
8．is _____necessary to complete the design before national day? (met89)
a．this b. that c. it d. he
9．all _____is needed is a supply of oil．(met89)
a．the thing b. that c. what d. which
10．his camera is more expensive than ______．(met89)
a．hers b. her c. it d. its
11．i don't think _____possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．(met90)
a．this b. that c. its d. it
12．______of them knew about the plan because it was kept in a secret．(met90)
a．each b. any c. no one d. none
13．he paid the boy ￥10 for washing ten windows，most of _____hadn't been cleaned for at least a year．(met90)
a．these b. those c. that d. which
14．kate and her sister went to holiday with a cousin of _____．(met90)
a．their b. theirs c. her d. hers
15．i invited tom and ann to dinner，but _____of them came．(nmet91)
a．neither b. both c. either d. none
16．she heard a terrible noise，_____brought her heart into her mouth．(met91)
a．it b. which c. this d. that
17．we couldn't eat in a restaurant because _____of us had _____money on us．(met91)
a．all; no b. any; no c. none; any d. no one; any
18．these plants are watered _____．(nmet91)
a．each other day b. every other day c. each of two days d. every of two days
19．alice received an invitation from her boss，_____came as a surprise．(nmet91)
a．it b. that c. which d. he
20．does _____matter if he can't finish the job on time?
a．this b. that c. he d. it
21．mr．zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____who had already taken them．(met92)
a．the ones b. ones c. some d. the others
22．there're so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that i can't make up my mind _____to buy． (met92)
a．what b. which c. how d. where
23．although he's wealthy，he spends _____ on clothes．(nme792)
a．little b. few c. a little d. a few
24．in the dark street，there wasn't a single person _____ she could turn for help．(met92)
a．that b. who c. from whom d. to whom
25．_____he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．(met93)
a．what b. that c. the fact d. the matter
26．---would you like some wine? ---yes，just _____．(met93)
a．little b．very little c．a little d．little bit
27．tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder，but _____didn't help．(met93)
a．he b．which c．she d．it
28．---is _____here? ---no，bob and tim have asked for leave．(met93)
a．anybody b．somebody c．everybody d．nobody
29．---is your camera like bill's and ann's? ---no，but it's almost the same as _____．(nmet94)
a．her b．yours c．them d．their
30．the weather turned out to be very good， _____was more than we could expect．(nmet94)
a．what b．which c．that d．it
31．_____is a fact that english is being accepted as an international language．(nmet95)
a．there b．this c．that d．it
32．they were very tired，but _____of them would stop to take a rest．(nmet95)
a．any b．some c．none d．neither
33．i hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _____．(nmet95)
a．it b．those c．them d．one
34．---when shall we meet again? --make it _____day you like; it's all the same to me．(nmet96)
a．one b．any c．another d．some
35．tom felt that he knew everybody's business better than they knew it _____．(nmet96 )
a．themselves b．oneself c．itself d．himself
36．i agree with most of what you said，but i don't agree with _____．(nmet97)
a．everything b．anything c．something d．nothing
37．sarah has read lots of stories by american writers，now she would like to read_____stories by writers from _____ countries．(nmet97)
a．some; any b．other; some c．some; other d．other; other
38．it was about 600 years ago _____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．(nmet97)
a．that b．until c．before d．when
39．i hate _____when people talk with their mouths full．(nmet98)
a．it b．that c．these d．them
40．dr．black comes from either oxford or cambridge．i can't remember _____．(nmet98)
a．where b．there c．which d．hat
41．why do you want a new job _____you've got such a good one already? (nmet98)
a．that b．where c．which d．when
42．it was only when i reread his poems recently _____i began to appreciate their beauty．(nmet98)
a．until b．that c．then d．so
43．few pleasures can equal _____of a cool drink on a hot day．(nmet99)
a．some b．any c．that d．those
44． if you want to change for a double--room you'll have to pay _____$15．(nmet2000 )
a．another b．other c．more d．each
45．---why don't we take a little break? ---didn't we just have _____? (nmet2000)
a．it b．that c．one d．this
46．it is the ability to do the job _____matters not where you come from or what you are．(nmet2000 )
a．one b．that c．what d．it
47．if this dictionary is not yours，_____can it be? (nmet2001)
a．what else b．who else c．which else's d．who else's
48．many people have helped with canned food，however，the food bank needs _____for the poor．(2001春招)
a．more b．much c．many d．most
49．the parkers bought a new house but _____will need a lot of work before they can move in．(nmet2001)
a．they b．it c．one d． which
50．---he was nearly drowned once.（春招）
---when was _____?
---_____was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
a. that; it b. this; this c. this; it d. that; this
语法复习十四：代 词
一、强化训练：
1. d 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. d 6. d 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. a 11. d 12. d 13. c 14. d 15. b 16. a 17. c 18. c 19. b 20. c21. b 22. c 23. b 24. d 25. a 26. b 27. a 28. c 29. a 30. d 31. a 32. a 33. b 34. b 35. d 36. a
二、高考题选：
1．a 这是一个强调句式的一般疑问句。
2．d it是形式主语，to不定式是真正主语。
3．c 参看2题。
4．d family与先行词anyone之间是所属关系。
5．c 在主语从句中，whoever充当主语，指代人，相当于anyone who。而c项who也可引导名词性从句，但它具体指”是谁“。
6．a 特殊疑问句中的选择，用which。
7．c 前一句只提到两个人。neither，either，both仅用于表述两者的情况，而any，all表述多者的情况，且i haven't seen either of them相当于i have seen neither of them。
8．c 可参看2、3题。
9．b all是先行词，that 引导定语从句，且all that=what。
10．a his camera是句子的主语，也是信息词，应填名词性的物主代词hers，它相当于her camera。
11．d it是形式宾语，to master…是真正宾语。此句还可说成i don't think it is possible to…。可参看2、3、8题。
12．d a、b项不符合句意。c项no one后不接of短语。
13．d which是定语从句中的关系代词，指代上文的windows。a、b、c项不能引导定语从句，且填进去后，两个分句缺少连词。
14．b 可参看10题。
15．a 前文提到邀请两个人，两个人都没来，故用neither参看7题。
16．b which引导非限定性定语从句。which指代前面一句话。如果两个分句是由and连接，则a、c、d项也对。
17．c a项中的all放在否定句中，是部分否定，与上文we couldn't eat in a restaurant矛盾，b项不符语法，n项no one后不接of短语，且只指代人。
18．b every other day每隔一天，是习惯用法。
19．c which在非限定性定语从句中指代前面一句话。可参看16题。
20．d 考生非常熟悉it doesn't matter这一句型，该题现在是一般疑问句，it是matter的主语，if引导条件状语从句。
21．a c、d项不能做定语从句的先行词来指代上文的the pupils，只能用the ones，因为它被限定性定语从句所修饰，表特指。该句的意思是：”张先生把教科书分给了所有的学生，那些已经拿走了的学生除外。“
22．b 原题中的so many kinds of tape-recorders暗示考生要买的是录音机，故排除a项。因为有这么多种类，因此不能决定买哪个。c、d项是连接副词，不能做buy的宾语。
23．a b、d项应排除，它们指代可数名词的复数。全句意为：”虽然他很富有，但很少花钱买衣服。“故c项不符句意。
24．d turn at sb．for help是惯用法，在定语从句中把to提前与whom构成介词十关系代词。
25．a 主语从句中缺少宾语，故what充当。
26．c 原题中的答语yes暗示考生应选表示肯定意义的a little．a、b项表示否定意义。
27．d it指代前面一句话。因有but，故前后为并列句，不用关系代词(which)只用代词it。
28．c is everybody here?”都到齐了吗“，is anybody here?”这里有人吗?“b项some body可用在表示征求对方意见，并希望得到对方肯定回答的问句里。d项不符原题句意。
29．b 参看10、14题。
30．b 参看16、19题。
31．d it是形式主语，that从句是真正主语。如果fact前有the修饰，就可选b或c项，that引导同位语从句。
32．c but是关键词，表转折，该句意为”他们非常疲劳，但没有一个人愿意停下来休息一会儿。“
33．d one指代one of the glasses，且each一词是信息词。该句意思是：”我希望有足够的玻璃杯，以便每位客人有一个“。
34．b one day表示”某一天“，可用在一般过去时，当它用在将来时的句中时，可与some day互换。another day指另一天。原题中的it's all the same to me和you like是信息句，可暗示考生，只能选any day，即”你喜欢定在哪天都行，或随便哪一天都行。“
35．a themselves；是they的反身代词。
36．a 从上文”我同意你说的大部分，“可知，下文应填everything表示部分否定。b项填入后该句为全否定。c项不用在否定句中。d项填入后，该句成为肯定句。故b、c、d项是错误的。
37．c 从上文”sarah已经读了许多美国作家写的故事“，可知，下文是”她现在想读一些由别的国家的作家写的故事“。a项中any用在肯定句中表示”任何一个“，与后面的countries不符。b、d项不符原句的逻辑。
38．a 这是一个强调句式。如果把it was…that去掉，该句子意思完整。不缺任何成份。
39．a 该题考查it作形式宾语的用法。四个选项均为代词，只有it作先行代词时，本身没有具体意义，而只是帮助把真正的宾语移到后部去。句中it的作用是代替它后面的宾语从句when people talk with their mouths full，故正确答案为a。
40．c 该题考查在省略的宾语从句中连接代词的用法。a、b项为副词，不可作及物动词remember的宾语，应先排除。指某一范围的”哪一个“需用连接代词which，前一个分句中的from either oxford or cambridge已限定了范围，故答案选c。
41．d 该题考查引导从句的关系联词的用法。that和which作为关系代词引导定语句必须在从句中充当某一成份；where作关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作状语，先行词必须是表示地点的名词，故应排除a、b、c。由题于中从句与主句所表示的逻辑关系考虑，此空应填表示因果关系的从属连词when，这时when=since；for，意为”由于“、”既然“，答案为d。
42．b 该句考查强调结构。”it be 被强调部分 that从句“是it的强调句型，如果强调的是时间、地点、原因等状语，别后面接that引导的从句，而不能用when，where，because等词来引导，因此答案为b。再如：
it was when i was thirty--five that i got married and had a family．
it was when we got to the station that it began to rain．参看1题。
43．c 该题考查不定代词的替代用法。在进行比较时要用同类的事物相比，排除a、b。按照英语习惯用法，that可以代替一个单数名词或一个不可数名词，以避免重复前面提到过的名词。that前面没有任何修饰词，后面的介词主要是of。由空白后表示所属关系的语境可以确定此空应填that，代替pleasure，故答案选c。
44．a another在此足不定代词，意为”再…个“，pay to another $15。意为”再付15美元。more应放在$15之后。
45．c one不定代词指代上文的break。
46．b it is…that为强调结构。
47．d 根据句意，“不是你的，可能是另外谁的呢?”所以答案是d。
48．a 根据句意，“还再需要一些”，故选a。
49．b 代替the new house。
50．a。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇9：语法系列复习一-----名词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法系列复习专题一-----名词
名词的分类
专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如hongkong,
china,bill clinton,red cross
个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student,book
名 普 可数名词
词 通 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family,school,
group, people
名
词 不可数名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea
抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如 :work，happiness,news
2．名词的复数
可数名词有单、复数形式，其复数的构成规则如下：
1） 绝大多数在词尾加s。如： book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.
2）以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如：
watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;
下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo
3）以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。例如：baby,babies;family,families;
以元音字母＋y结尾的名词，直接加s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys
4） 以f或fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式，如：leaf,leaves;
wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数，常见的有：
roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以，如： handkerchief,’s,handkerchieves
5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记：
man→men; woman→women; englishman→englishmen;foot→feet;
tooth→teeth; child→children; mouse→mice
少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：chinese,japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注：
fishes表不同种类的鱼)
6）复合名词：
a.含man或woman的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如：two men teachers,
four women doctors
b.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：
lookers-on旁观者，editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人
c.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如：
grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人
7）以复数形式出现的名词：trousers,glasses眼镜，scales天平，savings储蓄，
findings 调查结果， doings行为，surroundings环境，arms武器，fireworks
烟火，remains残余，thanks感谢，riches财富，ashes灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯
8）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如：
take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备，give regards to 问候
2.名词的所有格
1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“’s”,如：tom’s bike,
marx’s works
以s结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“’”或“’s”。如：engels’/engels’s works
以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“’”。如：students’ homework,a workers’ night
school 一所工人夜校，不以s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“’s”。如：men’s clothes
男士衣服 children’s books 儿童读物
2） 如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“’s”。例如：tom and mike’s room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 tom’s and mike’s rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间
3） 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。
如：the tailor’s 裁缝店，the barber’s理发店，go to the doctor’s上诊所，
at my uncles在我叔叔家
4） 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来表示 所有格。如：today’s newspaper,half an hour’s rest,two weeks’ work,ten minutes′walk,china’s population,shanghai’s industry
5） 表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如：
the students of their school, the teachers of grade 2
6） 表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of＋所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：
he is an old friend of my father’s. this is a picture of mary’s.
考点分析
1． he gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers
a.wealth; work b.wealths; works c.weaths;work d.wealth ;works
析：此题答案d。因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除b、c两个选项;work既可作不
可数名词表“工作”意，又可作可数名词表“作品”意，常用复数形式。根据题目意思，此处work应作可数名词用，于是又可排除a。
2.many people agree that_______ knowledge of english is a must in ______
international trade today.
a.a; × b.the ; an c.the ;the d.×;the
析：knowledge 是抽象名词，一般不与不定冠词连用，但指具体“一门学问”或“一
门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用，这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如：a strong character 坚强的性格；a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time 浪费时间；a pressure on sb.对某人的压力；have a good time玩得痛快；he is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如：what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识；knowledge begins with practice.foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠词。
由以上两点可确定答案为a。
3.oh, john _____you gave us !
a.how a great surprise b.how pleasant surprise c.what a pleasant surprise d.what pleasant surprise
析：正确答案为c。“a/an＋形容词＋抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如：
an advanced culture 一种先进文化；a great interest 极大的兴趣；do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙。
4. she broke a _______ while she was washing up .
a.glass wine b.wine glass c.wine’s glass d.glass of wine 析：根据broke一词及四个选项，可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除a、d；c不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式，只有b才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多，这些作定语用的名词可表①分类意义②表时间、地点、称呼③表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。
① 例： woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,english teacher ,air pollution
② 例：book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,south china
③例：milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush
5.________terrible weather we’ve been having these days!
a.what b.what a c.how d.how a
析：这是一个感叹句，how修饰形容词，副词或动词，what修饰名词。weather是不可数名词，其前不可加不定冠词a。因此这题正确答案是a。
6.shortly after the accident ,two _______police were sent to the spot to keep order .
a.dozens of b.dozens c.dozens’ of d.dozen
析： 正确答案是d。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million等名词前面有数词或many ,several等词，且表示具体数目时，这些名词一般不用复数形式，但在下列短语中却加s，并与of连用:dozens of (许多的)，scores of (好几十的)，hundreds of (成百的)，thousands of (上千的)，millions of （数百万的）
7.i’ll look into the matter as soon as possible .just have a little ______.
a.wait b.time c.patience d.rest
析：由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”，可知下句是要对方不要着急，故答案应为c。这是由情景，语境确定答案题目。
8.if by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _________.
a.message b.letter c.sentence d.notice
析：答案为a。道理同第7题。
专题练习
1._________from beijing to london!
a.how long way it is b.what a long way is it c.how long way is it d.what a long way it is
2.we’ve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into________.
a.fact b.practice c.reality d.deed
3.electrcity , like other forms of ________ ,has greatly increased in price.
a.pressure b.force c.strength d.energy
4．that fellow is clever ; he has ___________.
a.brain b.a brain c.the brain d.brains
5.julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
a.shoes store b.shoe’s store c.shoe store d.shoes’ store
6.those ______ took lots of ______ in the summer palace.
a.germen; photoes b.germen; photos
c.germans; photos d.germans; photoes
7.all possible means __________ to save the hero.
a.has tried b.have tried c.has been tried d.have been tried
8.--whose car is it ?
--it’s________.
a.tom and mary b.tom’s and mary’s
c.tom’s and mary d.tom and mary’s
9.there are 5____ in th fields.
a.heads of cattles b.heads of cattle
c.head of cattles d.head of cattle
10.he is the very thief the police ________ looking for .
a.is b.are c.has d.have
11.all but jack __________ here just now .
a.is b.are c.was d.were
12.he knows almost everything .so we say he is a man of many _________.
a.knowleges b.presents c.gifts d.rewards
13.carelessness is the usual __________ of fire.
a.way b.excuse c.cause d.reason
14.the girl is quite ________to her mother now .
a.a help b.helps c.help d.helpness
15._______is coming to give us a lecture .
a.a manager and an expert b.a manager and expert
c.manager and expert d.manager and an expert
16.most of the bridges over the river are made of __________.
a.stone b.the stone c.a stone d.the stones
17.if you hurt her _________ ,you should apologize.
a.feelings b.feel c.feels d.feeling
18.i’ll go and call at __________ right after school.
a.the doctor b.the smiths c.smith d.my uncle’s
19.the shop will be closed during_________.
a.repairs b.a repair c.repair d.repairing
20.the________we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while.
a.mouse b.deer c.dog d.cow
21.my brother didn’t find army life to his __________.
a.like b.taste c.quality d.favour
22.though they hadn’t met for long ,he recognized her ___________.
a.voice b.noise c.sound d.laughter
23.learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _______.
a.the high spirit b.high spirits
c.a high spirit d.high spirit
24.after _______ silence ,they began to write letters to each other .
a.three-year b.a three-year c.three years d.three yearss
25.if these trousers are too big ,buy a smaller__________.
a.copy b.pair c.piece d.set
26.that daughter of jack’s is ______.
a.a good fun b.good runs c.good fun d.good funny
27._______will make a trip around the world during the coming christmas.(93年上海高考题)
a.the evenses’ b.the evens’ c.the evenses d.the evens
28.he is one of the most successful_______ in the city.
a.newspaper’s writer b.newspaper writers
c.nesapapers’ writer d.newspaper writer
29.--where is your brother?
--at_____.
a.mr green’s b.greens c.the mr green’s d.the greens
30.--are you _______ ,mr black?
--yes ,i speak______.
a.english ; the english language b.the english ; english
c.an englishman; on english language d.an english ; english
答 案
1－5 d b d d c 6－10 c d d d b
11－15 d c c a b 16－20 a a d a b
21－25 b a b b b 26－30 c c b a a
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇10：语法系列复习二-----代词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法系列复习专题二-----代词
代词的分类
1.人称代词：有主格、宾格、所有格（含形容词性和名词性两种所有格）
2.反身代词:myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselves
themselves
3.指示代词:this ,that ,these ,those
4.疑问代词:who ,whom ,what ,which
5.相互代词:each other ,one another
6.不定代词:some ,any ,all ,both ,none ,one, each ,either ,neither ,other ,another,
something ,anything ,nothing ,anyone ,anybody , someone ,somebody ,nobody
7.关系代词(用于定语从句):who ,whom ,whose，that ,which ,as
代词用法注意点
1.名词性所有格代词可作主语、宾语、表语，可用于双重所有格。例如：
this isnt my book. its his. mine is in the bag. /is she a friend of yours ?/do
you think this bag of mine beautiful ?/she lost some pencils of hers.
2.反身代词可用于某些固定搭配。例如：
①(all)by oneself 自己单干，独立干：
the boy usually finishes his homework by himself.
②of oneself 自动地，自行地：
mary will correct her mistakes in the exercises of herself.
③for oneself 替/为自己：you have to choose for yourself.
3.指示代词this/these一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物；that/those 常指时间和
空间上较远的人或物。
进行比较时，that可代替不可数名词或单数名词以避免重复；those 可代替复数名词以
免重复。例如：
the water of the well is cleaner than that of the river./the christmas cards are
much better than those you bought yesterday.
4.相互代词each other ,one another.前者通常指两者之间的“相互”，后者侧重三者或三
者以上的“相互”，也可指两者之间的“相互”。
5.不定代词
①some多用于肯定句；any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件句中。另外some可用于表示请求、
提议或者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，修饰可数名词，表示“任何、无论哪一个”
例如：
if you have any ink ,please give me some.
edison became quite expert at it and could find work in any town he went to.
②all 与none
all表示“三者或三者以上全部”，可以修饰可数、不可数名词。none用于表示对三个或
三个以上的人或物的否定，意思是“没有什么人，没有什么东西”，可作主语和宾语。none
of…后的谓语可以是单数或复数形式。none可以简略回答以how many或how much开头
的疑问句。
例如：
none of them have/has failed.
-- how many books are there on the desk ? -- none.
注意：no one (＝nobody)不同于none ,作主语时只能跟单数谓语，不可跟of短语连用，
回答以who开头的问句，不能回答how many/much …开头的问句。
例如：
-- who is in the room ? -- no one(＝nobody).
--is there any oil in the glass ? -- none.
③other ,another ,the other ,others ,the others
other表示“没有范围的，其他的”，与名词复数连用。如：other books/boys/…
another泛指很多中的“另一个”，可作代词或形容词用，代替或修饰单数可数名词。
如：
i dont like this hat ,please show me another.
the other可作代词或形容词用，指已知的事物或人中的“另一个”，或另一方中的“全
部其他的”。
如：
i have two sisters.one is a student and the other is a worker./i can see only
two teachers in the office.where are the other teachers ?
others泛指其他的人或物；the others特指其余的人或物。others常和some对比使用。
例如：
thirty students in our class are boys ,the others are girls.
some are carrying water ,others are watering the trees.
④one作为不定代词，泛指“任何人”（包括说话人在内），还可用来代替上文出现过的可
数名词（指人或物），并有复数形式ones。
例如：
i have bought a new bike.my old one doesnt work./one must do ones duty.
注意：one ,that都可代替前面出现过的单数名词，但这样用时，one可被前置或后置
定语修饰,that只能被后置定语修饰。
例如：
this book is the one that is needed by him.
my seat is next to that of our teacher.
代词考点分析
1.-- when shall we meet again ?
-- make it _____ day you like;its all the same to me.(高考题)
a．one b．any c．some d．another
析： 此题答案为b。若选a，one day意“过去/将来的某一天”；若选c,some day意“有朝一日”、“将来某一天”、“迟早”；若选d，another day意“改日”、“又/另一天”；选b，any day意“随便哪一天”、“无论哪一天”，显然它适合此题。
2.im reading a new book these days ,_____ in english.
a.it b.that c.one d.which
析： 排除a选项it的原因是因为it前或后都不可放定语；若选b项that,则因其不能替代同一事物，也可排除；至于d项which，因其是定语从句引导词，在此明显不合用。只有c项one一方面它可有前置或后置定语，另一方面它可以替代前面出现的名词a book,故是正确答案。
3.there were two boys who called and i gave an apple to _____.
a.every b.all c.either d.each
析： 由题干内容可知有两个孩子在叫喊，故all（指三者或三者以上）不可选；every表“两者中任意的一个”，在此不符合情景之需要。只有d,each(两者中的每一个)填入空白才合题干内容。
4.we dont know _____ of the visitors here;we only know some.
a.everyone b.every one c.anybody d.each one
析： 因为everyone ,everybody ,anybody等不定代词一般不带限定语（此处不能与of短语连用），故a、c选项可排除。若选d项，因not…each结构表全否定，与下句“we only know some”不合，故不能成立。只有选b时，not…every表半否定，与下句意相合。
5.young people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in _____.
(上海题)
a.the other b.some other c.others d.those other
析： 根据in some ways（在某些方面），可知空白处要选表达复数意义的词，据此可排除a、b；又因为没有those other这样的词语，故可排除d。根据some常与others相呼应使用规律，可定c为正确答案。
6.the question is too difficult and we found _____.
a.it not easy to answer it b.it was not easy for us to answer it
c.its not easy to answer d.it not easy to answer
析： 根据时态一致规律，we found后不可跟c选项；要表达“那个问题不容易答。”这一意思时，应说the question is not easy to answer.要表达“我们发现那个问题不容易答。”这一意思时，应说we found the question (was)not easy to answer.据此可排除a、b选项；只有d才是唯一正确选项。
7.the hairdresser now cuts _____ mens and womens hair.
a.any b.each c.both d.either
析： 根据题干mens and womens hair ,可知应选与两者有关的代词，于是立即可排除a。由于each 和either不可直接修饰复数名词或复数名词所有格（应说each of …,either of…）,故又可排除b、d选项。只有both才能与其后的and构成both…and…结构。故正确答案是c。
8.--shall i sit at this end of the boat or the other end ?
--if you keep still ,you can sit at _____end. (nmet)
a.neither b.each c.either d.any
析： 一条船只有两头，any是指三者或三者以上，在此不合用。neither是“两者都不”，填入空白处意思不对；each意“两者或三者，三者以上每个人都…”，若填入此题空白，不合语境，因为一个人不能同时坐船的两头。只有选either(两者之一)才合此题情景。
9.--have you finished your report yet ?
--no ,ill finish in _____ ten minutes. (nmet)
a.less b.more c.other d.another
析： less后可直接跟形容词、副词、名词，象ten minutes这样的“数词＋名词”短语则不可直接放于less之后，只能放于less than之后，因此a项可排除。“再过/再用十分钟”可以说in ten more minutes ,ten minutes more ,another ten minutes ,据此可排除b项。至于other一词，因它不能表达“再、又”意，故也可排除。因此d为正确答案。
10.canada is larger than _____ country in asia. (nmet)
a.any b.any other c.other d.another
析： 此题是加拿大与亚洲国家相比，无需other或another ,else这类词，故b、c、d应排除。因为any（任何）后可跟单数名词或复数名词，填入空白意思也合语境，所以a是正确答案。
代词专练
1.-- which of the two dictionaries will you borrow ?
-- ill borrow _____ ,for the different uses.
a.all b.both c.either d.neither
2._____ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
a.each b.any c.no one d.none
3.we couldnt eat in a restaurant because _____ of us had _____ money on us.
a.all ;no b.any ;no c.none ;any d.no one ;any
4.they were all very tired ,but _____ of them would stop to take a rest.
a.neither b.none c.some d.any
5.there is a no.2 trolleybus and a no.24 bus ;_____ will take you there.
a.both b.either c.all d.any
6.as we were asleep ,_____ of us heard the sound.
a.both b.none c.either d.any
7.-- which of the five may i use ?
-- oh ,____.
a.any one b.anyone c.anything d.nothing
8.--are the two answers correct ?
--no ,_____ correct.
a.no one is b.both are not c.neither is d.either is not
9.i asked him for some oil ,but he hadnt _____.
a.any b.some c.no d.anything
10.you have three english dictionaries ,but i have only two _____.
a.ones b.不填 c.the one d.the ones
11.i have a colour tv set.i want to sell ____.
a.one b.the one c.that d.it
12.this film is not so good as _____ we saw last week.
a.that b.it c.the one d.one
13._____ of us must go there and help him out.
a.one or other b.one by one
c.one or the other d.one or another
14.we all felt _____ to be the highest praise.
a.it b.that c.that one d.the one
15.havent you read _____ english storices ?please tell us an interesting one.
a.any b.all c.either d.some
16.-- would you like _____ dumplings ?
-- no,thanks.
a.some b.another c.any d.all
17.if there is _____ chance ,i will try another.
a.one b.any c.some d.all
18.-- are _____ here to take the college entrance exam ?
-- yes ,we _____.
a.all you ;are all b.you all ;all are
c.all of you ;are all d.you of all ;all are
19.mr green gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____ who had already
taken them.
a.one b.the ones c.some d.the others
20.-- have you ever seen a snake alive ?
-- yes ,ive seen _____.
a.that b.so c.one d.it
21.-- lily ,do you have an umbrella ?it is raining outside.
-- yes ,but its _____.
a.small one b.small umbrella c.only a small one d.that one
22.toms mother kept telling him that he should work hard ,but _____ didnt help.
a.this b.which c.any d.it
23.-- have you got _____ red ink ?
-- sorry ,i havent got _____.
a.some ;some b.any ;many c.some ;any d.any ;some
24.i prefer a street in a small town to _____ in such a large city as shanghai.
a.that b.it c.this d.one
25.sarad has read a lot of stories by american writers.now she would like to
read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.
a.some ;any b.other ;some c.some ;other d.other ;other
26.-- is _____ here ?
-- no ,bob and tim have asked for leave.
a.anybody b.somebody c.everybody d.nobody
27.our headmaster advised us that in order to succeed in life ,one has to be
honest with _____ friends.
a.their b.her c.ones d.our
28.i borrowed some books _____ myself ,but when i was going to read them ,the
lamp went out _____ itself and i had to sit in the dark _____ myself.
a.不填;for;by b.by;for;of c.for;of;by d.of;不填；by
29.when i first saw the old farmer ,i could hardly imagine _____ invented the
machine to pick cotton.
a.himself b.he himself c.he for himself d.he by himself
30.it is impossible for all the people to get the job ,because _____ of them
are not fit for it.
a.all of b.none of c.each of d.every one of
代词专练答案
1－5 b d c b b 6－10 b a c a b
11－15 d c a b d 16－20 a b b b c
21－25 c d c d c 26－30 c c c b a
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇11：语法复习十三：形容词和副词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习十三：形容词和副词
比较级和最高级及其使用
形容词的比较级和最高级
说 明 例 词
一般情况 加er, est smaller,smallest
以e 结尾 加r,st larger,largest
单音节词和少数多音节的形容词，加词尾er ,est 以“辅音字母 y ”结尾的词 改y为i，再加er,est busier,busiest
重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写末尾辅音字母，加er,est fatter,fattest
以ow,er结尾的双音节词 加er ,est narrower,narrowest cleverer,clevest
多数双音节和多音节的词 加more most more beautiful, most important
副词的比较级和最高级
1．大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more 和most 来构成比较级和最高级。
2．少数单音节副词，加er,est 构成其比较级和最高级 。
几个特殊的形容词和副词
原级 比较级 最高级
good ,well better best
bad, ill, badly worse worst
many ,much more most
little less least
far farther, further farthest,further
old older, elder oldest, eldest
比较级和最高级的常用句型
名称 句型 例句
相等 as 原形 as (as 原形 名词 as ) the train travels as fast as the 3:55 train. he has not as much money as his friend.
不及 not as(so) 原形 as (not as[so ] 名词 原形 as ) she is not as (so)beautiful as her sister.
比较级 than health is more important than wealth.
超越 the 比较级 of the two 两者中较… 的一个 he is the taller of the two.
用于否定 no 比较级 than 和…一样不 he is no richer than i. 他和我一样不富有。
用于否定 最…不过 his work couldn't be worse. 他的工作再糟糕不过了。
程度递增 er and er，more and more 多音节词原级 (越来越…) higher and higher more and more important
两种情况同时变化 the 比较级，the 比较级 （越…，越…） the quicker you get ready, the sooner we'll be able to leave.
三者或三者以上比较 the 最高级 of/in 比较范围 （…之中最…） of all things in the world, people are the precious.
比较级结构的修饰语
1．用于原级之前：
almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite, half , twice,three times , a third,etc.
john is almost as tall as you.
the river is three times as long as that one.
we have a third as many students as we had last term.
2．用于比较级前
many, a few (用于“more 可数名词”前)
it takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane.
a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, rather, two years, ten percent,three times etc.
it's cold this year, but it's even colder last year.
we produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year.
3．用于形容词和最高级前
the very , much the ,by far the ,the first/second
this hat is by far the largest in the world.
gold is the very most valuable of all materials .
位置与功能
高考重点要求
1．掌握形容词、副词比较级、最高级的常用句型及用法
2．掌握形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级修饰语及倍数的比较表达。
3．注意多外形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序。
4．分清常用同义与近义形容词在表达中的语义差别。
此项语法内容从1991年到达间共出现45次（包括上海题），可见其重要。
形容词作用与位置
1．定语。
在名词前做定语，为最常见用法。请注意多个形容词（含其它起形容词作用的词）做前置定语的顺序。
“县官行令杀国才。”这一句就概述了形容词顺序问题。即：
限（冠词[物主代词、指示代词]数词等）观 （描绘） 形（大小、形状等） 龄 （年龄、新旧等）色（色彩）国（国籍、出处等）材（材料、功用等）
an interesting english film a heavy black chinese silk umbrella
做后置定语。修饰由不定代词no ,any, some ，every和one,thing等构成的复合词或形容词短语。
2．表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。
常见系动词有：be
变化系词： become, get ,turn, grow, go
保持系词： keep ,remain, stay
感观系词： look, smell , taste, feel, sound,appear , seem ,prove etc.
3.形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。
he went to bed , cold and hungry.
4.做宾补。
n：①某些以a 开始的形容词只做表语，不做定语。
afraid, alike, alone, asleep ,awake，alive
②某些表身体健康状况的形容词只能做表语,不做定语
well, ill faint
③某些以-ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。
friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, deadly, orderly 等。
④复合形容词的形式问题。
an 800-meter-wide river an english-speaking country a middle-aged man
副词
位置
1）时间副词和地点副词一般放于句尾。如同时出现，则地点副词在前。
they went boating in zhongshan park yesterday.
2)表频率的时间副词是高考的热点
always, seldom, often, never, rarely, usually 等，通常放于行为动词之前，be词、情态动词和助动词之 后。
he is always telling lies,so i will never believe him.
3)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（但 enough除外）
he is very young ,so he is not old enough to go to school.
n:有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。
closely-close nearly-near freely-free deeply-deep highly-high widely-wide 等。
以ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。
he is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)
he can see a bird is flying high in the sky.（飞得高，具有可见性）
练习、形容词和副词
高考题选：
1. john has three sisters. mary is the ___ of the three. (met88)
a. most cleverest b. more clever c. cleverest d. cleverer
2. the students are___ young people between the age of sixteen and twenty. (met88)
a. most b. almost c. mostly d. at most
3. she told us ___story that we all forgot about the time. (met88)
a. such an interesting b. such interesting a
c. so an interesting d. a so interesting
4. it is impossible for so___ workers to do so work in a single day. (met88)
a. few, much b. few, many c. little, much d. little, many
5. the horse is getting old and can't run ___ it did. (met88)
a. as faster as b. so fast than c. so fast as d. as fast as
6. the story sounds___ . (met89)
a. to be true b. as true c. being true d. true
7. i'd been expecting ___ letters the whole morning, but there weren't ___ for me. (met89)
a. some; any b. many; a few c. some; one d. a few; none
8. this year they have produced ___ grain ___ they did last year. (met89)
a. as less; as b. as few; as c. less; than d. fewer; than
9. after the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. (met90)
a. as twice many b. as many twice
c. twice as many d. twice many as
10. the pianos in the other shop will be , but______ . (met90)
a. cheaper; not as better b. more cheaper; not as better
c. cheaper; not as good d. more cheap; not as good
11. ---can i help you?
---well, i'm afraid the box is___ heavy for you, but thank you all the same. (met90)
a. so b. much c. very d. too
12.---excuse me, is this mr. brown's office?
---i'm sorry, but mr. brown ___ works here. he left about three weeks ago. (met90)
a. not now b. no more c. not still d. no longer
13. if we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with ___ money and ___ people. (met90)
a. less; less b. fewer; fewer c. less; fewer d. fewer; less
14. oh, john. ___ you gave me! (met90)
a. how a pleasant surprise b. how pleasant surprise
c. what a pleasant surprise d. what pleasant surprise
15. ---how did you find your visit to museum?
---i thoroughly enjoyed it. it was ___ than i expected. (met91)
a. far more interesting b. even much interesting
c. so more interesting d. a lot much interesting
16. canada is larger than ___ country in asia. (nmet91)
a. any b. any other c. other d. another
17. those oranges taste___ . (met91)
a. good b. well c. to be good d. to be well
18. the experiment was ___ easier than we had expected. (nmet91)
a. more b. much more c. much d. more much
19. ___ food you've cooked! (nmet91 )
a. how a nice b. what a nice
c. how nice d. what nice
20. go and get your coat. it's ___ you left it. (met92)
a. there b. where c. there where d. where there
21. john was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes___ . (met92)
a. open b. to be opened c. to open d. opening
22. ---are you feeling ___?
---yes, i' m fine now. (nmet92)
a. any well b. any better c. quite good d. quite better
23. which is___ country, canada or australia? (met92)
a. a large b. larger c. a larger d. the larger
24. ---will you give this message to mr. white, please?
---sorry, i can't. he ___. (met92)
a. doesn't any more work here b. doesn't any longer here work
c. doesn't work any more here d. doesn't work here any longer
25. how can you finish the drawing? (met92)
a. often b. soon c. long d. rapid
26. ___ terrible weather we've been having these days! (met92)
a. how a b. what a c. how d. what
27. it takes a long time to go there by train. it's___ by road. (met93)
a. quick b. the quickest c. much quick d. quicker
28. ___ from beijing to london! (met93)
a. how long way it is b. what a long way is it
c. how long way is it d. what a long way it is
29. she doesn't speak___ her friends, but her written work is excellent. (met93)
a. as well as b. as often as c. so much as d. as good as
30. ---mum, i think i'm___ to get back to school.
---not really, my dear. you'd better stay at home for another day or two. (nmet93)
a. so well b. so good c. well enough d. good enough
31. ---if you don't like the red coat, take the blue one.
---ok, but do you have size___ in blue? this one's a bit tight for me. (nmet93)
a. a big b. a bigger c. the big d. the bigger
32. john plays footbal___ , if not better than, davi. (nmet94)
a. as well b. as well as c. so well d. so well as
33. we all write___ ,even when there's net much to say. (nmet94)
a. now and then b. by and by c. step by step d. more or less
34. ---do you remember ___ he came?
---yes i do, he came by car. (nmet94)
a. how b. when c. that d. if
35. if there were no examinations, we should have ___at school. (nmet94)
a. the happiest time b. a more happier time
c. much happiest time d. a much happier time
36. ---have you finished your report yet?
---no, i'll finish in___ ten minutes. (nmet95)
a. another b. other c. more d. less
37. ---i'd like ___ information about the management of your hotel, please.
---well, you could have ___ word with the manager. he might be helpful. (nmet95)
a. some; a b. an; some c. some; some d. an; a
38. if we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty,___ great it is. (nmet95)
a. what b. how c. however d. whatever
39. we decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining ____. (nmet96)
a. badly b. hardly c. strongly d. heavily
40. how beautifully she sings! i have never heard ___. (nmet96)
a. the better voice b. a good voice
c. the best voice d. a better voice
41. tony is going camping with ___ boys. (nmet93)
a. little two other b. two little other
c. two other little d. little other two
42. ---how was your recent visit to qingdao? (nmet95)
---it was great. we visited some friends, and spent ___the days at the seaside.
a. few last sunny b. last few sunny
c. last sunny few d. few sunny last
43. can you believe that in ___ a rich country there should be _ many poor people? (met95)
a. such; such b. such; so c. so; so d. so; such
44. wait till you are more___ .it's better to be sure than sorry. (nmet97)
a. inspired b. satisfied c. calm d. certain
45. professor white has written some short stories, but he is ___ known for his plays. (nmet98)
a. the best b. more c. better d. the most
46.___ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (nmet )
a. brave enough students b. enough brave students
c. students brave enough d. students enough brave
47. it's always difficult being in a foreign country, ___ if you don't speak the language. (nmet2000 )
a. extremely b. naturally c. basically d. especially
48. i am surprised that you should have been fooled by such a (an) ___ trick. ( 春招)
a. ordinary b. easy c. smart d. simple
49. it is generally believed that teaching is___ it is a science. (nmet2001)
a. an art much as b. much an art as
c. as an art much as d. as much an art as
50.---i'm very ___with my own cooking. it looks nice and smells delicious.
---mm, it does have a ___smell. (春招)
a. pleasant; pleased b. pleased; pleased
c. pleasant; pleasant d. pleased; pleasant
51.boris has brains. in fact ,i doubt whether anyone in the class has ___iq.
a. a high b. a higher c. the higher d. the highest
语法复习十三：形容词和副词
1．c．原题中的three sisters这一信息词语暗示考生要用最高级的形式。clever的最高级有两种：the most clever，the cleverest
2．c．mostly是副词，意思是：“主要地”，修饰整个句子。用most时应为most of the students；用almost通常说almost all n.
3．a．such与so修饰名词时可这样使用。
so 形容词 a/an 可数名词的单数
so many/few十可数名词复数 so much/little 不可数名词
4．a．few修饰可数名词的复数；much修饰不可数名词。
5．d．a、c项是语法错误。as…as之间不能用比较级形式。b项也是语法错误，than前没有比较级，把than变成as就对了。实际上not as…as=not more than．
6．d．sound是“听起来”的意思。它是系动词，其后接形容词做表语。类似的系动词还有look seem taste smell fell．
7．a．some常用在肯定句中，而any常用在否定、疑问和条件句中。
8．c．grain是不可数名词。a项是语法错误，as…as之间用原级，b项few不修饰grain，d项也如此。
9．c．表示倍数的词与其他表示程度的副词修饰as…as结构时，应放在其前面。
10．c．该题考查了考生是否掌握形容词比较级的两种形式，该句可理解为：the pianos in the other shop will be cheaper，but not as good as those in this shop.
11．d．此处可理解为the box is too heavy for you to carry．
12．d．no longer强调时间；no more强调数量和次数。
13．c．better这一信息词可暗示考生用比较级形式，less修饰不可数名词，fewer修饰可数名词的复数。
14．c．what与how修饰名词引起的感叹句：
what a/an 形容词十单数可数名词
what 形容词 可数名词复数
what 形容词 不可数名词
how 形容词 a/an 可数名词单数
注意what的用法与sach相似，how与so相似。且give s b. a surprise是惯用法。
15．a．用来修饰比较级的副词有：a little，a bit；even still；far，by far；a lot，a great deal；much，any(用于否定、疑问)；rather．
16．a．用比较级表示最高级的意思，用than any other 单数名词(包括主语在内)或用any 单数名词(比较范围不包括主语在内)。因加拿大不属亚洲。如，把asia改为north america，则b正确。
17．a．taste是系动词，后接形容词做表语。b项well如果是形容词，表示“身体好”。但things are well with me．属于特殊情况。参看6题。
18．c．参看15题。
19．d．参看14题。
20．b．where引导表语从句，且where在表语从句中做地点状语。
21．a．当open做宾补时，一般用它的形容词，不用它的现在分词。又如：with his eyes open/closed
22．b．any修饰比较级时，一般用于疑问句和否定句中。
23．d．表示两者中“最…”的意思，用the 比较级。此句可理解canada is the larger of the two countries.
24．d．no more与no longer变成not…any more或not…any longer时any more和any longer要置于句尾，可参看12题。
25 b．how often表示频率，与题意不符。how long句中的谓语动词应用延续性动词，是“多久”的意思。d项rapid是形容词不能修饰动词。how soon的回答词用in 时间，因此，全句的意思是：“在多长时间之内(或以后)你能画完画?”且句中谓语是瞬间动词。
26．d．可参看14题。weather是不可数名词。
27．d．此处可理解为it's quicker to go by road than by train．
28．d．参看14题。
29．a．原题中的but与excellent两个信息词可暗示考生，且not as…as相当于not more than，因此，该句的意思是：“她讲的不如朋友的好，但她的笔头好。”
30．c．well是形容词“身体好”的意思。这是it's adj enoush to do sth句型。该句意思是：“我身体已好，可以返回学校了。”
31．b．形容词的比较级修饰可数名词的单数时，前面不要忘了加a，泛指比较…的-个。例如，this shirt is a little larger．could you show me a smaller one?
32．b．是29题的创新。该句的意思是：“如果不比david好的话，那么会跟david踢的一样好。”if not better than为插入语。
33．a．从even when there's not much to say这一信息句可知。now and then相当于sometimes，occasionally和from time to time，b项by and by=soon，c项step by step=gradually，d项more or less=about，修饰名词，但也可修饰动词，作状语。
34．a．从答语中by car可知，how问的是方式。
35．d．have a good/happy time是惯用法，much修饰比较级。参看31题。
36．a．more与another在表示“再、又”时，用法不同，more置于数词后面，而another置于数词的前面。
37．a．information是不可数名词。have a word with sb．相当于speak/talk to/with sb．与…谈话。
38．c．however是连接副词，修饰形容词great并引导一个让步4状语从句，意思是：“无论困难有多大。”
39．d．“下大雨”应说 “rain hard/heavily”．
40．d．意为：“我从未听过比她还好的噪音。”用比较级表达最高级的概念。
41．c．要知道形容词排列作定语的顺序。
42．b．与41题考查的目的相同。
43．b．可参看3题。
44．d．从下文it's better to be sure than sorry．即“确信要比后悔好”可知，填入d项。a、b、c项不符合逻辑。
45．c．该题考查副词用法。四个选项均为副词的比较级或最高级，题干的两个并列分句中，已给出some short stories和his plays这一特定的语境，表示二者之间的比较需用副词的比较级。well known是一惯用词组，意为“出名的”、“众所周知的”，well的比较级为better，故答案为c。
46．c．形容词作后置定语。enough为副词，修饰形容词brave，放在其后。
47．d．意为“在国外通常是困难的，特别是你不会说外语”。
48．d．意为“我很吃惊你竟然被这么简单的一个诡计愚弄了。”此处，只有用d项才能准确表达这种语气。
49．d．“教学更像是一门科学。”第一个as为副词。
50．d。
51．b。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇12：语法复习二、主谓一致 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习二、主谓一致
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：his father is working on the farm. / to study english well is not easy. / what he said is very important for us all. / the children were in the classroom two hours ago. / reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：what i bought were three english books. / what i say and do is (are) helpful to you.
2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：lucy and lily are twins. / she and i are classmates. / the boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / both she and he are young pioneers.
注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：the writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：every student and every teacher was in the room.. / no boy and no girl likes it.
3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：mr green, together with his wife and children, has come to china. / nobody but jim and mike was on the playground. / she, like you and tom, is very tall.
4、either, neither, each, every 或no 单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：each of us has a new book. / everything around us is matter.
注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of 复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：none of us has (have) been to america.
5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：he is one of my friends who are working hard. / he is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：class four is on the third floor. / class four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：the police are looking for the lost child.
7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数 名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：there are a lot of people in the classroom. / the rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。
8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：there comes the bus./ on the wall are many pictures. / such is the result. / such are the facts.
（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：which is your bag? / which are your bags? / all is going well. / all have gone to beijing.
2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “the arabian nights”is an interesting story-book.
4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：one and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：twelve plus eight is twenty. / fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：the paper works was built in 1990. / i think physics isn’t easy to study.
7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：my glasses are broken. / the pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8、“定冠词the 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。
（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：either the teacher or the students are our friends. / neither they nor he is wholly right. / is neither he nor they wholly right?
2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：there are two chairs and a desk in the room..
注意：here引导的句子用法同上。
练习：主谓一致
1.i, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your english.
a.am b.is c.are d.be
2. the rich ____ not always happy.
a.are b.is c.has d.have
3. neither tom nor jack and i ____ his students.
a.are b.am c.is d.was
4. mary as well as her sisters ____ chinese in china.
a. are studying b. have studied c. studies d. study
5. neither my father nor i ____ at home.
a.am b.is c.are d.be
6. not only my brother but also i ____ good at painting. both of us ____ good painters.,
a.are;are b.am;am c.ani;are d.is;is
7. every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.
a.wish b.wishes c.is like d.like
8. over 80 percent of the population of china ____ peasants.
a.was b.is c. would be d.are
9. the population of china ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world.
a.is b.are c.has d.have
10. every means ____ tried but without any result.
a. have been b.is to be c.are to be d. has been
11. alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.
a. was punished b. punished c. were punished d. being punished
12. the league secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.
a.is b.was c.are d.is being
13. the great writer and professor____.
a. is an old man b. are both old men
c. is an old man and a young man d. were two chinese
14. there ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.
a.are b.is c.has d.have
15. a large number of students in our class____ girls.
a. are b. was c. is d. be
16. the number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are.
a. doesn' t change b.don't change c.change d.changed
17. the arabian nights ____ well known to the english.
a. is b. are c. was d. were
18. chairman mao' s works ____ published.
a. has been b.have been c.was d.is
19. a chemical works____ built there.
a. is to being b.have been c. were to d.has been
20. the olympic games ____ held every ____ years.
a.is;four b.are;four c.is;five d.are;five
21 .the united states of america one of the most developed countries in the world.
a.is b.are c.was d.were
22.he is the only one of die students who ____ elected.
a. are b.have c.has d.is
23.theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.
a.have b.has c. have been d.has been
24.many a man ____ come to help us.
a.have b.has c.is d.are
25.“all____ present and all____ going on well,” our monitor said.
a.is;is b.are;are c.are;is d.is;are
26. the police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.
a. is searching for b. were searching for
c. are searching for d. were searching
27.your trousers____ dirty.you must have____ washed.
a.is;il b.are;it c.are;them d.is;them
28.this pair of trouseis ____ too long for him.
a.is b.be c.are d.were
29. one and a half bananas ____ left on the table.
a.is b.are c.has d.have
30. eight times eight ____ sixty - four.
a.is b.are c.get d.equal
31 .ten minutes____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
a.seems b.seem c.seemed d.seemes
32.____of the money____ nm out.
a. three-fifth; has b. three-fifth; has been
c. three-fifths; has d. three-fifths; have
33. the whole class ____ the teacher attentively.
a. are listening to b. is listening to
c.are listening d. is listening
34.1 have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which___ more difficult.
a.is b.are c.was d.were
35. between the two rows of trees ____ the teaching building.
a.stand b.stands c. standing d.are
36. large quantities of water ____ for irrigation.
a. is needed b. has -needed c. are needed d. need
37. that they were wrong in these matters ____ now clear to us all.
a. is b.was c.are d.all
38.what we need____ good textbooks.
a.is b.are c.have d.has
39. what you said just now____ the matter we are discussing.
a.have something to at b. has something to do with
c.had something to do with d.has been something to do with
40. more than one member ____ against the plan.
a. is b.are c.has d.have
41. when and where to build the new factory ____ yet.
a. has not decided b. is not decided
c. are not decided d. have not decided
42. half of the fruit ____ bad.
a. are b. has c. is d. have
43. ____ either of your parents come to see you recently?
a. have b. had c. has d. is
44. mathematics ____ the language of science.
a. are b. are going to be c. is d. is to be
45. my family ____ small.
a. is b. were c. are d. makes
46. the following ____ some other examples.
a. are b. is c. was d. were
47. they both have some friends; but his ____ more active.
a. is b. will be c. was d. are
48. both rice and wheat ____ grown in that country.
a. is b. are c. was d. has
49. early to bed and early to rise ____ a good habit.
a. are b. is c. were d. was
50. to play basketball and to go swimming ____ useful for character-training.
a. was b. is c. are d. were
51. either he or i ____ to attend the mass meeting this evening.
a. is b. am c. are d. be
52. ____ either he or i to attend the mass meeting this evening.
a. is b. am c. are d. be
53. an iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, ____ to be built here.
a. are b. were c. is d. will
54. she as well as her brother ____ a league member.
a. are b. were c. will d. is
55. his family ____ a big one. now the family ____ watching tv.
a. is, are b. are, is c. is, is d. are, are
56. it is i who ____ going to attend the meeting tomorrow.
a. is b. am c. are d. be
57. more than 60% of the students ____ the countryside.
a. is b. are c. is from d. are from
58. many a man ____ the novel.
a. has read b. have read c. is read d. are read
59. tom is the only one of the students who ____ going to swim this afternoon.
a. is b. was c. are d. were
60. here ____ a pen, a few pencils and some paper for you.
a. are b. is c. was d. were
参考答案
语法复习二：主谓一致
1~5 aaaca 6~10 cbdad 11~15 acaba 16~20 aabdb 21~25 adcbc
26~30 bcaaa 31~35 acaab 36~40 cabba 41~45 bccca 46~50 adbbc
51~55 bacda 56~60 bdaab
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇13：语法复习四：定语从句 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习四：定语从句
（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导
1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、关系副词：when, where, why
关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
e.g. she is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）
the comrade with whom i came knows french.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）
3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。
（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。
e.g. i was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）
2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。
e.g. tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）
（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
1、that与which的区别。
1）用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。
e.g. there is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
the first place that they visited in guilin was elephant trunk hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
this is the best film that i have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
mr smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
2）用which而不用 that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句；②代表整个主句的意思；③介词 关系代词。
e.g. he had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
this is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
3）as引导定语从句时的用法
①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。
e.g. i want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as i expect 等。
e.g. as i expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g. he made a long speech, as we expected.
he made a long speech, which was unexpected.
②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。
e.g. tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。
e.g. the man who lives downstairs speaks english fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。
the students who are in grade three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
e.g. there is an expression in his eyes that i can’t understand.
4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 which”来代替。
e.g. october 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the people’s republic of china was founded.
5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。
e.g. the sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。
e.g. the man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
练习、定语从句
一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：
1. the fan is on the desk. you want it.
2. the man is in the next room. he brought our textbooks here yesterday.
3. the magazine is mine. he has taken it away.
4. the students will not pass the exam . they don’t study hard.
5. the woman is our geography teacher. you saw her in the park.
6. the letter is from my sister. i received it yesterday.
7. the play was wonderful. we saw it last night.
8. the train was late. it was going to nanning.
9. the boy is my brother. he was here a minute ago.
10. the tree is quite tall. he is climbing it.
11. here is the girl. her brother works in this shop.
12. that’s the child. we were looking at his drawing just now.
13. this is the boy. his sister is a famous singer.
14. i want to talk to the boys. their homework haven’t been handed in.
15. is that the woman? her daughter is in my class.
16. he used to live in a big house. in front of it grew many banana trees.
17. they passed a factory. at the back of the factory there were rice fields.
18. the soldier ran to the building. on the top of it flew a flag.
19. in the evening they arrived at a hill. at the foot of the hill there was a temple.
20. she came into a big room. in the middle of it stood a large table.
二、根据句子意思，在第一个空白处填入介词，在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:
1. the person ________ ________ i spoke just now is the manager that i told you about.
2. the pencil ________ ________ he was writing broke.
3. wu dong, ________ ________ i went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.
4. the two things ________ ________ marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of english.
5. her bag, ________ ________ she put all her books, has not been found.
6. the stories about the long march, ________ ________ this is one example, are well written.
三、选择填空：
1. the man ____ visited our school yesterday is from london.
a. who b. which c. whom d. when
2. the woman ____ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.
a. whose b. who c. whom d. which
3. because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
a. that b. which c. what d. as
4. do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily?
a. when b. where c. which d. who
5. tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week.
a. which b. that c. whom d. as
6. those ____ want to go please sign their names here.
a. whom b. which c. who d. when
7. where is the man ____ i met this morning?
a. when b. where c. which d. who
8. who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there?
a. who b. / c. that d. when
9. the man ____ you talked just now is a worker.
a. who b. whom c. to whom d. to who
10. the man ____ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour.
a. with whom b. when c. to whom d. which
11. the doctor ____ is leaving for africa next month.
a. the nurse is talking to him b. whom the nurse is talking
c. the nurse is talking to d. who the nurse is talking
12. the man ____ around our school is from america.
a. which you showed b. you showed him c. you showed d. where you showed
13. he talked about a hero ____ no one had ever heard.
a. of whom b. from whom c. about that d. who
14. in fact the swede did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in french.
a. where b. who c. in which d. which
15. have you read the book ____ i lent to you?
a. that b. whom c. when d. whose
16. finally, the thief handed over everything ____ he had stolen to the police.
a. that b. which c. whatever d. all
17. the foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.
a. most of them b. most of that c. most of whom d. most of those
18. this is the very letter ____came last night.
a. who b. which c. that d. as
19. i know only a little about this matter; you may ask ____ knows better than i.
a. whoever b. whomever c. anyone d. the one
20. this is the school ____ we visited three days ago.
a. where b. / c. when d. what
21. this is the factory ____ we worked a year ago.
a. where b. that c. which d. on which
22. nearby were two canoes ____ they had come to the island.
a. which b. in which c. that d. /
23. jack is pleased with ____ you have given him and all ____ you have told him.
a. that, what b. what, that c. which, what d. that, which
24. do you work near the building ____ colour is yellow?
a. that b. which c. its d. whose
25. in the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.
a. whom b. who c. to whom d. form whom
26. is this school ____ we visited three years ago?
a. the one b. which c. that d. where
27. is this the school ____ we visited three years ago?
a. the one b. where c. in which d. /
28, how many students are there in your class ____ homes are in the country?
a. whose b. who c. whom d. which
29. alice received an invitation from her boss, ____ came as a surprise.
a. it b. which c. that d. he
30. the train was crowded and i had to get into a carriage ____ already seven other people.
a. when there were b. which there were c. that there were d. where there were
31. i live in the house ____ windows face south.
a. which b. whose c. where d. in that
32. ---- what game is popular with them? ---- the ____ most is tennis.
a. game they like it b. game they like c. best game they like d. best game they like it
33. they stayed with me three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine i had.
a. which b. which time c. during which time d. during which
34. the room ____ mr white lives is not very large.
a. that b. which c. where d. when
35. don’t forget the day ____ you were received into the youth league.
a. when b. that c. at which d. where
36. i’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month.
a. that b. what c. which d. when
37. he returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected.
a. which b. as c. that d. it
38. ____ we is known to all, english is not very difficult to learn.
a. what b. as c. that d. which
39. the old man had three sons, all of ____ died during world war ⅱ.
a. whose b. that c. whom d. who
40. i have bought two pens, ____ write well.
a. none of which b. neither of which c. both of which d. all of which
41. do you know the reason ____ she has changed her mind?
a. why b. which c. for that d. of which
42. he failed in the exam, ____ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.
a. which b. what c. it d. that
43. during the week ____ he tried to collect materials for his article.
a. following b. followed c. to follow d. that followed
44. ____ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.
a. it b. which c. as d. that
45. he studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____ his father expected.
a. that was what b. what was that c. and which was d. which was what
46. we should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser.
a. when b. as c. whose d. what
47. you must show my wife the same respect ____ you show me.
a. when b. as c. whose d. what
48. he is absent ____ is often the case.
a. what b. which c. who d. as
49. it is the first time ____ i have come to your city.
a. that b. which c. what d. when
50. who ____ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.
a. who b. that c. whom d. which
51. i shall never forget those years ____ i lived in the country with the farmers, ____ has a great effect on my life.
a. that, which b. when, which c. which, that d. when, who
52. this is the only book ____ i can find.
a. that b. which c. it d. with which
53. i don’t like ____ you speak to her.
a. the way b. the way in that c. the way which d. the way of which
54. that is one of those books that ____ worth reading.
a. is b. are c. has d. have
55. this is the only one of the students whose handwriting ____ the best.
a. is b. are c. has d. have
56. there was ____ to prevent the accident.
a. something could do b. anything we could do
c. nothing we couldn’t do d. nothing we could do
参考答案
语法复习四：定语从句
一、1. the fan that you want is on the desk. 2. the man who brought our textbooks here yesterday is in next room. 3. the magazine which he has taken away is mine. 4. the students who don’t study hard will not pass the exam. 5. the woman you saw in the park is our geography teacher. 6. the letter i received yesterday is from my sister. 7. the play that we saw last night was wonderful. 8. the train which was going to nanning was late. 9. the boy who was here a minute ago is my brother. 10. the tree he is climbing is quite tall. 11. here is the girl whose brother works in this shop. 12. that’s the child whose drawing we were looking at just now. 13. this is the boy whose sister is a favous singer. 14. i want to talk to the boy whose homework hasn’t been handed in. 15. is that the woman whose daughter is in my class? 16. he used to live in a big house, in front of which grew many banana trees. 17. they passed a factory, at the back of which there were rice fields. 18. the soldier ran to the building, on the top of which flew a flag. 19. in the evening they arrived at a hill, at the foot of which there was a temple. 20. she came into a big room, in the middle of which stood a large table.
二、1. to whom; 2. wiht which; 3. with whom; 4. about which; 5. in which; 6. of which
三、1~5 abacd 6~10 cdcca 11~15 ccada 16~20 accab 21~25 abbdc
26~30 adabd 31~35 bbdca 36~40 cabcc 41~45 aadcd 46~50 bbdab
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇14：－ 英语（新目标）七年级 上册 期末复习(新目标版七年级英语下册教学论文)
2004－20 英语（新目标）七年级 上册 期末复习2004.12
一． 代词 (pron.)
第一人称单数 第二人称
单数和复数 第三人称单数（三单） 第一人称复数 第三人称复数
人称代词 我 你 / 你们 他 她 它 我们 他们
主格 i you he she it we they
宾格 me you him her it us them
物主代词 我的 你的/ 你们的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 他们的
形容词性 my your his her its our their
(一) 翻译成英语：
1．我是_______________ 2.我父母________________ 3. 跟我来_____________
4．你可以______________ 5.你的电话号码______________
6. 谢谢你_____________ 7. 他有________________ 8.他的姓氏_____________
9. 听他说_____________ 10. 她喜欢它。____________ 11.她全家照______________ 12.帮助她____________ 13. 它吃________________ 14.它名字______________
15.看见它____________ 16.我们想要____________
17.我们最喜爱的水果_____________________ 18.加入九游会网址j9_________
19. 他们唱歌___________ 20.他们旧电脑_______________21.画出它们__________
(二) 选词填空：
1. what’s ________ name? (you / your ) _________ name is bob. ( my / i / me)
2. _________ erasers are in ________drawer. (her / she / her / she)
3. can ________(you / your ) do _______ (you / your ) homework?
4. ___________ is a cat. ________ name is mimi. ( it / its / it / its )
5. _________ brother can speak japanese. (he’s / his / he )
6. please take _________ keys to school. __________ are on the table.
( they / their / them / they / their / them )
7. __________ is thirteen years old. __________ birthday is march 1st. (he / his / him)
8. __________ favorite vegetable is tomato. (her / she / her / she)
9. can you help ______ ?( we / us / our) please take ______ to school. ( they / their / them)
10. _________ can’t see _________baseball. it’s behind _________.( my / i / me / my )
（三）完成句子：
1. a: what’s this / that ?
b: _________ is a dresser.
a: how do you spell _________ , please ?
b: d-r-e-s-s-e-r.
2. a: what are these / those ?
b: _________ are tomatoes.
3. a: does cindy like salad?
b: no, _________doesn’t.
4. a: how much are his shoes?
b: _________ are 100 dollars.
5. a: is alan your friend?
b: yes, _________ is.
6. a: do you have a soccer ball?
b: yes, _________ do.
7. a: who is that girl?
b: _________ is jack’s sister.’
8. this is david and this is tim. _________ are our friends. we often help _________ .
9. those are strawberries. sally likes _________.
10. the pants are nice. i’ll take _________.
二. 名词的格：
(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格：
a) 单数后加 ’s 如: lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags
c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes
并列名词中，如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如:
tom and mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加’s
tom’s and mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of ＋名词”来表示所有关系：如:
a picture of the classroom a map of china
翻译:
1. 汤姆的背包________________ 2. 我朋友的生日聚会__________________
3. 他们父母亲的房间____________ 4. 她两个兄弟各自的电脑________________
5. 戴维和保罗的两个家庭_________________________
6. 露西和莉莉家的书橱_________________________
7. 男士手表_______________ 8. 一张吉姆家的全家照___________________
9. 一幅中国地图_______________ 10.一本英语字典_________________________
三．冠词
1. 种类：（1）不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle
元音开头的可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an id card / an alarm clock /
an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an hour
an old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /
（2）定冠词：the the egg the plane
2. 用法:
定冠词的用法：
（1）特指某（些）人或某（些）物： the ruler is on the desk.
（2）复述上文提到的人或物：he has a sweater. the sweater is new.
（3）谈话双方都知道的人或物：the boys aren’t at school.
（4）在序数词前： john’s birthday is february the second.
（5）用于固定词组中： in the morning / afternoon / evening
不用冠词的情况：
（1）专有名词前：china is a big country.
（2）名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：
this is my baseball.
（3）复数名词表示一类人和事：monkeys can’t swim. they are teachers.
（4）在节日，日期，月份，季节前：today is christmas day. it’s sunday.
（5）一日三餐前：we have breakfast at 6:30.
（6）球类 棋类运动前：they often play football after class. he plays chess at home.
* 但乐器前要用定冠词：i play the guitar very well.
（7）学科名称前：my favorite subject is music.
（8）在称呼或头衔的名词前：this is mr li.
（9）固定词组中：at noon at night by bus
exercises:
一． 填空：（在有必要的地方填上冠词，不填的划 “/ ”）
1. what’s this? it’s _____ clock.
2. what’s that? it’s _____ alarm clock.
3. what is it? it’s _____ w.
4. what color is the jacket? it’s _____ orange. it’s _____ orange jacket.
5. jim’s mother is _____ mrs green. she is _____ teacher.
6. those pens are in _____ pencil case.
7. here’s _____ interetsing family photo.
8. when does lily go to _____ bed in _____ evening?
9. _____ “h”, _____ “o” and _____ “w” are in the word “how”.
10. this is _____ my english book.
11. where is _____ bag? it’s under _____ table.
12. i often go to _____ school at _____ 7:00.
13. take _____ things to _____ your brother.
14. they like playing _____ football. my favorite subject is _____ p.e. .
15. do you have _____ pingpong bat? yes, i do.
16. do you want to see _____ action movie? no, i want to play _____ chess.
17. when’s his sister’s birthday? it’s _____ april _____ eleventh.
18. does bill like _____hamburgers? no, he doesn’t.
19. a: let’s play _____ soccer. b: i don’t have _____ soccer ball.
a: well, let’s play _____ drums. b: that sounds good.
20. how much are _____ two hats? they are 10 dollars.
21. do you have _____ art festival at your school? yes, we do.
22. when do people usually eat _____ breakfast? they usually eat _____ it in _____ evening.
23. rick often goes to see _____ beijing opera _____ weekends.
24. can tom play _____ piano? yes, he can.
can he play _____ it well? no, he can’t.
25. please listen to _____ teacher carefully.
时态复习
一、一般现在时
1、be 动词的一般现在时
be动词要根据句中主语的人称和数而变化。它有三种形式：am, is , are
am跟在i后面, is 跟单数主语，are跟复数主语及单数you后面。如：
i am a teacher.
my brother is at school.
lucy and lily are in class one, grade two.
you are a good boy.
2、实义动词的一般现在时
一个动作经常反复地发生，就用一般现在时。第三人称单数(he, she , it, tom等)作主语，谓语动词要加 ″s″ 或 ″es″，这种动词形式简称为单三动，记住：单三人称单三动，其它人称用原型。如：
they get up at six o’clock.
he goes to school at seven- thirty .
附：动词第三人称单数的构成规则
1）一般情况下加s get-gets like---likes
2）以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的加es: watch---watches go---goes do---does
3）以辅音字母加y结尾的，改y为i，加es carry---carries
特殊： have---has
二、情态动词can
情态动词(can, may, must )后动词用原形。如：
i can play the guitar. he can play the violin.
三、几个动词的用法：
1、let后用动词原形 let’s play soccer.
2、like及介词后动词用ing形式， 如：be good at swimming, help kids with singing,
like playing basketball, what about playing tennis?
3、want加 to 再加原形
4、help 人 动词原形 help 人 with sth /doing sth.
exercises:
一、用be的适当形式填空。
1． i _________ a student．
2． __________ your father a worker﹖ yes, he __________ ．
3． they __________ in the classroom．
4． this __________ an apple．
5． where __________ my books﹖
6． we __________friends.
7. you __________ a good student.
8. these ___________her peas.
9. how much _________the t-shirt?
10. how much __________ the socks?
11. our mother _________forty.
12. you can _________ in our school music club.
13. i want to ________ a teacher.
14. let’s ___________friends.
15. he and i _________friends.
16. tina ___________ a student.
17. mary and tom ___________ students.
18. someone __________ in the room.
19. who ________ your brother?
20. when _________ your uncle’s birthday?
二、完成句子。
1. i _________ (know) the boy.
2. they __________(go) to work on saturdays.
3. he usually _____________(comes) to school early.
4. i often _____________(have) rice, meat and vegetables.
5. my grandfather _____________(play) sports in the park.
6. miss li ____________(teach) english in our school.
7. the students of class four ___________(sing) a song on monday.
8. alicia and jerry ______________ (do) homework after school.
9. we _____________(take) a shower in the evening.
10. her sister ____________(have) chinese every day.
11．__________ you __________( have) a soccer ball﹖
12． mary _______________ (not come) from america.
she ___________(come) from britain.
13． i ____________ ( not ,like) playing computer games.
14．______________tom and his brother _____________(study) in beijing?
15. __________ your brother ___________(have) a son?
二、非谓语动词填空。
1、who helps you ____________(look) after your daughter at home?
2、the child is good at ____________(play) chess.
3、my mother wants_______________(buy) a sweater.
4、what about ______________(go) to the shop?
5、bob likes ______________(watch) tv.
6、can you help kids with _____________(swim)?
7、let’s _____________( sing) an english song.
8、i want ____________(join) the soccer club.
9、we like ____________( see) movies.
10、john often helps his mother___________(do) the housework.
四、用动词的适当形式填空。
1 . who ______________ ( teach ) english in your school ?
2 . may i _____________(know) your address?
3 . ___________(be) you twelve?
4 . she _____________(like) fish ,but she _______________ ( not like ) meat .
5 . her mother is good at _____________ ( make ) cakes .
6 . mr green wants ______________ ( buy ) a new watch .
7 .who _________(be) your english teacher?.
8 . my father ___________ ( go ) to bed at 10:00 every evening .
9 . his friend ___________________( like, play) computer games.
10 . let’s ___________(watch) tv.
11. __________your mother _________(have) a baseball bat?
12._________jim and tom _________(like) hamburgers?
13. what kind of movies ________your grandfather ___________(want) to see?
14. where _______(be) the two volleyballs?
15. that _____ (be ) is his family photo.
16．we can __________(sing) english songs.
17. he can ____________(do) chinese kung fu.
18. what time _________mr. brown ___________(take) a shower?
19. mrs jones ___________(watch) tv on weekends.
20. __________(be) your sisters in the bedroom?
五、翻译。
1、我的朋友的名字是林涛。
_______________________________________________________________________
2、她的数学书在哪儿？
_______________________________________________________________________
3、谁在房间里？
_______________________________________________________________________
4、我是七年级的学生。
_______________________________________________________________________
5、他们的书包在书橱里。
_______________________________________________________________________
6、你的爸爸几点去上班？
_______________________________________________________________________
7、lily 和lucy 有一个大房间。
_______________________________________________________________________
8、你想买一条蓝色的短裤吗？不，我不想。
_______________________________________________________________________
9、他的叔叔认为记录片很有趣。
_______________________________________________________________________
10、我最喜欢语文和数学。
_______________________________________________________________________
11、你们的弟弟有网球拍吗？不，他没有。
_______________________________________________________________________
12、我们晚餐吃汉堡、花椰菜冰淇淋。
_______________________________________________________________________
句型复习
ⅰ 句型结构
1、肯定句：主语 be(am/is/are) …
主语 can 动词原形 …
行为动词原形
主语 其他…
行为动词三单形式
2、否定句：主语 be(am/is/are) not …
主语 can’t 动词原形 …
主语 don’t(doesn’t) 动词原形 …
3、一般问句〈1〉be(am/is/are) 主语 …？
yes, 主语 be no, 主语 be not.
〈2〉can 主语 动词原形 …？
yes,主语 can no,主语 can’t
〈3〉do/does 主语 动词原形 …？
yes,主语 do/does no,主语 don’t/doesn’t
4、特殊疑问句：
〈1〉 疑问词 be 主语 …？
主语 be …
〈2〉 疑问词 can 主语 动词原形 …？
主语 can 动词原形…
〈3〉 疑问句 do(does) 主语 动词原形 …？
动词原形
主语 …
动词三单形式
〈4〉疑问句：who/how/how old/how much/where/when/why/what/what/
what kind of…what time/what subject
ii、写出下列动词的三单形式：
take be like play swim run do go watch wish
think eat have want study help learn teach start
iii、将下列句子改为一般疑问句，并作肯定和否定回答：
1、my name’s bob.
2、i’m his uncle.
3、our shirts are too long.
4、my friend gets up at five o’clock.
5、lucy and lily like sports.
6、jerry’s teacher can play chess.
7、alicia is my aunt.
8、she wants to see beijing opera.
iv、划出每句中正确的词：
1、(is/are)his eraser on the sofa? 2、(where/what)are your baseball?
3、(do/does)mary have a clock? 4、(are/do)they want to see a movie?
5、(is/can)she play the violin? 6、i (don’t/doesn’t)like hamburgers.
7、why does alice (likes/like)music?8、who (am/is) your father?
9、(what/what’s) her favorite subject?10、how much (are/is) her socks?
v、句型转换：划线提问
1、peter is 12 years old.
2、this is an english book.
3、the backpacks are black.
4、scott likes history.
5、they have vegetables for lunch.
6、she can play chess and sing.
7、it’s nine o’clock.
8、we go to bed at ten o’clock.
9、his shoes are under the table.
10、her basketball is 5 dollars.
11、dave’s favorite food is ice cream.
12、he likes documentaries.
13、my birthday is october1st.
14、they are fine.
15、nick wants to join the swimming club.
16、rick smith is my favorite actor.
17、her favorite subject is science.
18、mike and jack like math because it’s interesting.
19、my mother’s favorite color is blue.
20、we go to school in the morning.
21、i think they’re interesting. (改否定句)
22、it’s december.30th.today.
vi、连词成句
1、sister, is, she, your(?)
2、are, lucy’s, those, rulers(.)
3、thrillers, like, maria doesn’t(.)
4、want, join, to, do, they not, music club,the(.)
5、uncle, is, also, thinks, it, boring, june’s father(.)
6、play, my, the, piano, well, can, grandfather(.)
7、tennis, like, but, doesn’t, jim, he, volleyball, likes(.)
8、two, has, she, and, sisters, brother, a(.)
9、is, the, what, time(?)
10、shower, when, take, o’clock, five, she, a(?)
vii、根据答语或问句，补全对话：
1、a：
b：his phone number is 3435871.
2、a:what’s twelve and three?
b:
3、a:
b:her family name is brown.
4、a:
b:my first name is lisa.
5、a:
b:yes,they my drums.
6、a:
b:no,bob’s shorts aren’t in the dresser.
7、a:
b:i usually go to school at 7:15.
8、a:
b:lliy has chinese on thursday.
9、a：
b:the white hat is fifty yuan.
10、a：
b:he can sing and dance.
11、a:
b:yes, jenny’s favorite teacher is mr black.
12、a:can you speak japanese?
b:
13、a:how old is john?
b:
14 、a:
b:he watchs tv after dinner.
15、a：
b：jack is likes action movies.
16、a:
b:yes,he gets home at six.
17、a:
b:the watches are in the drawer.
18、a:
b: because music is relaxing.
19、a:
b:his favorite subject is science.
20、a:
b:school starts at 7:30.
名词复习
单数名词前有a/an、the或物主代词，如：a book、the book、his book
1、一般情况，加s：bags
2、以s、sh、x、ch结尾，加es：boxes
规则变化 3、以 f、fe、结尾，把f、fe改为v加es：shelf→shelves
可数 4、以辅音 y结尾，把y改为i,加es：baby→babies
5、以o结尾，加es：tomatoes、patotoes
或加s：pianos、photos
1、单复数词形：sheep、chinese、japanese
复数 不规则变化 2、复数名词：clothes、people、police
3、特殊变化：man→men，woman→women
child→children，foot→feet
名 tooth→teeth，policeman→policemen
前面可用many（许多）、a lot of/lots of（许多）、some（一些）、a few （一 点） 可数复数
词
1、没有复数形式
2、前不加a/an、数字、many、a few，后不加s
不可数 3、前可以加some、any、a lot of/much、a little
4、表数量用量词加of词组：a cup of ice cream，two cups of ice cream
5、学过的有：broccoli、food、dessert、orange、ice cream、salad、chicken、fruit、soccer、tennis、ping-pong、breakfast、lunch、dinner、help、opera、work、homework、time、chinese、japanese、english
exercise
1、写出下列词的复数形式
baby _____ potato _____ knife _____ photo _____ chinese _____
hamburger _____ case _____ key _____ watch _____ name _____
strawberry _____ tomato _____ dollar _____ orange _____ people _____
documentary _____ boy _____ piano _____ child _____ man _____
this _____ that _____ i _____ she _____ you _____ bus _____
wish _____ japanese _____
2、翻译短语
五门学科 _______________ 三部电影_______________
一些动作片______________ 许多手表_______________
一点食品________________ 一点蔬菜_______________
许多冰淇淋______________ 三块鸡肉_______________
一些工作________________ 许多作业_______________
四辆公共汽车____________
3、划出下面单词中的不可数名词
star、dessert、sock、dollar、help、month、art、broccoli、cream、dictionary、card、club、
fruit、food、sister、chicken、cd、homework、english、runner、science、people、collection、
racket、sport、baseball
4、将下列句子变成复数形式
1) this is a bus .
2) she has a nice dress.
3) a musician has a watch on her hand.
4) you are a chinese.
5) the girl likes salad.
6) the running star wants to eat healthy food.
7) a photo is on the wall.
8) that is a banana.
9) it is an action movie.
10) i am a student.
5、改错
1) he has many ice cream for breakfast._______________________________
2) the girl has two broccoli for lunch. ________________________________
3) i need some salad. ______________________________________________
4) the student does a few homework every day. _________________________
5) i want to go to movie. ____________________________________________
6) we can see much clothes in the store. ________________________________
7) does she have three cousin? _______________________________________
8) they are japaneses. ______________________________________________
9) i have some apple. _______________________________________________
10) i want to see a beijing opera. ______________________________________
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇15：语法系列复习-----非谓语动词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法系列复习专题-----非谓语动词
非谓语动词
非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词。
一、动词不定式
1．常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done
完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done
进行式to be doing
2．语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成
分）。例如：
1）主语：to master a foreign language is very important.
2）表语：my job is to drive them to the company every day.
3）宾语：do you want to visit the great wall?
can you give us some advice on what to do next?
4） 宾补：the teacher advised us to have a rest first.
i didnt notice them come in.
注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, 其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth.
help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.
5） 定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：who was the first one to set
to the top of the hill yesterday? /he is the man to depend on/to believe in.
6）状语： in order to
a．目的状语：she reads china daily every day so as to improve her english.
to
注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。
b．原因状语： im glad to see you . 注：这种“be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，其不定式有时也可视为宾语，如：he is eager to go to college./ she is sure to come here.
c．结果状语：they lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。
△在“too…to…”结构中表“太…结果不能”，如：he is too weak to do the work.
注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：they are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。
另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，
如：she was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
△在“形容词/副词＋enough＋不定式”结构中表“足以能…”，如：he is strong enough to do the work .
3．复合结构不定式（for sb. to do sth.），可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。for 本身无意义，sb.可称之为不定式的逻辑主语。例如：i think it necessary for him to go there at once.（复合结构不定式作宾语）
注：当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，不用for, 而用of,
如：it is kind of you to help me .（相当于you are kind to help me .）这类形容词有good,nice,kind,wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite（不礼貌）等。right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：its right/wrongg for him to do the work alone.
4．疑问词＋不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。如：how to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）we dont know when and where to go .（宾语）
5．动词不定式的否定式（not to do sth.），语法功能同不定式肯定式。
6．不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：
1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或
没有时间限制。例如：
they often watch us play table tennis.（与谓语动作同时）
she hopes to go there again.（在谓语动作之后）
it is necessary and important to read english every day.（无时间限制）
the factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）
2）完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：im sorry to have kept you waiting. /she seems to have been a teacher for many years.
3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如：
she happened to be writing a letter in the room when i come in.
7．不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式，
例如：what is to be done is unknown. /the bridge to be bulit there is very long.
注：关于不定式的主动式表被动义用法参见《动词时态、语态》一讲。
一、分词
1．分词形式：有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词则有：
一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done, 完成主动式having done,完成被动式having been done
2．语法功能：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。
3．现在分词和过去分词的区别：
1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如：the moving film 动人的电影，the moved girl 受感动的姑娘，a running machine 一台转动的机器， a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车
注：关于心理状态动词的－ing形式表主动意，－ed形式表被动意，详见该讲后的专题。
2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。
例如：a developing country 发展中的国家，a developed country发达的国家
4．现在分词的基本用法：
1） 一般主动式用法：
a．作定语：the sleeping child is only five years old.(＝the child who is sleeping is…)/the girl writing a letter there can speak english very well.(＝the girl who is writing a letter can…)
the factory making tv sets is very large.(＝the factory which makes tv sets is very large.)
b．作表语：the story sounds very interesting./the news is very exciting.
c．作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。
例如：we can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /i saw tom coming out of the house. /dont keep the students doing homework all day.
注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如：i heard them singing in the room
when i passed it.(singing不可改为sing) do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为singing)
have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者have＝let, 后者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇用）”意。如：
ill have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去。
ill have him working in my compary.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。
dont have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。
d．作状语：
①时间状语：reading the letter, i couldnt help thinking of my school life.
②原因状语：being ill, i didnt go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语：mary stood at the school gate waiting for betty.
2）完成主动式用法：
这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。例如：
having finished her homework,she went to bed. /not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.
3）一般被动式用法：
表示正在发生的被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。
例如：the car being repaired is mine.(＝the car which is being repaired is mine.) /being repaired,the car cant be used.(＝as/because it is being repaired,the car cant be used.)
4）完成被动式用法：
表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。
例如：having been praised a second time ,i decided to make still greater progress.
5．过去分词的基本用法：
1）作定语：the stolen car was found by the police last week.
2）作表语：the glass is broken. /when i got to the classroom,the door was locked.
3）作宾补：you must have your hair cut.
4）作状语：given more time ,we can do the work much better.
6．独立主格结构：
当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主语的名词或代词）时，则是一种独立
主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。例如：
the bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(＝when the bell rang,we all stopped talking.) /there being no bus, we had to walk home .(＝there was no bus ,so we had to walk home.)
7．使用现在分词的几个注意点：
(1)作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，例如：
standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.（正）
(standing＝when we stood)
standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.（误）
having found the cause, they continued the experiment.（正）（having found
＝after/when they had found）
having found the cause, the experiment continued.（误）
(2)短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语。例如：
he saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down不可改为being knocked down或having been knicked down)
do you like the dictionary bought by zhang ming?(bought不可改为being bought或having been bought)
<2>现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别：
现在分词被动式与过去分词都有被动意，但其用法是有区别的：
(1) 作宾语时，现在分词的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：
do you see the hospital there?
你看见了那边那个 医院吗？
the continent connected with asia at the suez canal is africa.在苏伊士运河处与亚洲相连的洲是非洲。（句中connected无时间性）
(2) 作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：
being led(＝led )by the party,the chinese people have won great victories.
(3) 作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。例如：
the soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.
(4) 作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.
如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。例如：
discussed(＝having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at
last.
如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：
not having been invited,she had to stay at home.
(5)在have,get之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。例如：ill have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut)he got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)
(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如
the speaker couldnt make himself heard.(一般不说being heard)
he wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted)
8.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式
所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。如：surprise使惊讶；interest使感兴趣。它们的-ing形式含主动意义，-ed形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising令人惊讶的，interesting令人感兴趣的；surprised（因…）感到惊讶的，interested（因…）感到兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：
the film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.
she was much surprised at the surprising news.
已学的心理状态动词有：astonish,bore(使厌烦),delight,disappoint,
discourage,encourage,excite,frighten,interest,move(使感动)，please（使高兴）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使满意）,surprise,shock,tire（使疲劳）,trouble,upset（使不安）,worry
它们的-ing形式多和物连用，如：the news is pleasing/exciting./a boring report(一个令人厌烦的报告),a tiring walk（累人的步行）。
它们的-ed形式多和人连用，如：an excited girl,/im tired.
但是也有-ing形式和人连用，-ed形式和物连用的现象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的领袖，an amusing girl一个讨人喜欢的女孩，a puzzled expression一种迷惑不解的表情，she said in a frightened voice.她用受了惊吓的声音说着话。
三、动名词
1． 形式同现在分词，有四种。
2． 动名词的基本用法：
1）作主语：seeing is believing. /talking is easier than doing. /it isnt necessary explaining to him. /its no use waiting here.
2） 作表语：my hobby（爱好）is collecting stamps . /his job is washing and cooking.
3） 作宾语：when he came in,we all stopped talking . /he has given up smoking. /we often do our cleaning on saturday afternoon. /are you fond of dancing?/the boy isnt worth teaching.
注 有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，有些动词后跟不定式。动名词作宾语含义不同。详见第6点。
4） 作定语：this is her fathers walking stick.
3． 动名词的复合结构：形式：his/him working there,wang dongs/wang dong working
there
语法功能：
1） 作主语：your smoking too much will do harm to your health.（动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时，只能用sbs的形式，此句中的your不可改为you。）
2） 作宾语：i dont like his/him staying with us.
3） 作表语：my joy is his winning the table－tennis game.（his不能改为him）
4． 动名词的完成式：
动名词的一般式所表示的动作为一种时间要领不强的或泛指的动作，或是与句中谓语同时发生。或在谓语之后发生的动作。
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则要用完成式。例如：
we were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.
在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等动词之后，某些介词后，或某些习惯用语中，用动名词的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：
i remember him some money before.
he forgot me that. /after finishing his homework,he
went out for a walk.
5． 动名词的被动式
如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者，这个动名词就要用被动式。
例如：the problem is far from being settled.
动名词的完成被动式往往用一般被动式来代替，以免句子显得累赘。例如：
i still remember being invited（代替having been invited）by a famous artist when i was in shanghai.
6． 动名词与不定式作主语、宾语的用法比较
<1>作主语：
(1)多数情况两者可以互换。例如：seeing is believing.＝to see is to believe.
talking is easy and doing is difficult.＝to talk is easy and to do is
difficult.
(2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为，或表示将来的行为，宜用不定式。例如：
it took him two hours to finish the work.
to be a scientist is his desire（愿望）.
(3)如果表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为，一般用动名词。例如：
getting up early is a good habit.
<2>作宾语：
(1) 有些动词跟不定式、动名词作宾语皆可，意义也差不多，主要有：begin, start,
continue, love, prefer等。
(2) 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，主要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse,
decide.
(3) 有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，已学过的这类词有：finish, imagine, insist on,enjoy, escape, consider, cant help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, put off（延迟）＝delay, suggest.feel like, look forward to,devote…to(doing),be worth.
(4)有些动词后跟不定式、动名词意义有明显差别，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on
a.forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事＝forget having done sth.＝forget to have
done sth.
b.remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth.记住做过某事
c.regret to do sth. 遗憾（要）做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事
d.stop to do sth. 停下（原事）去做某事（不定式作目的状语）
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
e.mean to do sth. 决意／打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味／表明做某事
f.try to do sth. 努力／设法去做某事
try doing sth. 试图／尝试用某一方法做某事
g.want/need/require to do sth. 要／想做某事
want/need/require dong. 需要／想要被…
h.go on to do sth. 继续做不同的事 go on doing sth. 继续做相同的事
7．使用现在分词的几个注意点：
(1)作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，例如：
standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.（正）
(standing＝when we stood)
standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.（误）
having found the cause, they continued the experiment.（正）（having found
＝after/when they had found）
having found the cause, the experiment continued.（误）
(2)短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语。例如：
he saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knicked down不可改为being knocked down或having being knicked down)
do you like the dictionary bought by zhang ming?(bought不可改为being bought或having been bought)
<2>现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别：
现在分词被动式与过去分词都有被动意，但其用法是有区别的：
(5) 作宾语时，现在分词的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：
do you see the hospital there?
你看见了那边那个 医院吗？
the continent connected with asia at the suez canal is africa.在苏伊士运河处与亚洲相连的洲是非洲。（句中connected无时间性）
(6) 作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：
being led(＝led )by the party,the chinese people have won great victories.
(7) 作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去动词。例如：
the soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.
(8) 作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.
如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。例如：
discussed(＝having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at
last.
如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：
not having been invited,she had to stay at home.
(5)在have,get之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。例如：ill have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut)he got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)
(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如
the speaker couldnt make himself heard.(一般不说being heard)
he wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted)
8.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式
所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。如：surprise使惊讶；interest使感兴趣。它们的-ing形式含主动意义，-ed形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising令人惊讶的，interesting令人感兴趣的；surprised（因…）感到惊讶的，interested（因…）感到兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：
the film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.
she was much surprised at the surprising news.
已学的心理状态动词有：astonish,bore(使厌烦),delight,disappoint,
discourage,encourage,excite,frighten,interest,move(使感动)，please（使高兴）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使满意）,surprise,shock,tire（使疲劳）,trouble,upset（使不安）,worry
它们的-ing形式多和物连用，如：the news is pleasing/exciting.a boring report(一个令人厌烦的报告),a tiring walk（累人的步行）。
它们的-ed形式多和人连用，如：an excited girl,im tired.
但是也有-ing形式和人连用，-ed形式和物连用的现象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的领袖，an amusing girl一个讨人喜欢的女孩，a puzzled expression一种迷惑不解的表情，she said in a frightened voice.她用受了惊吓的声音说着话。
非谓语动词考点分析
1．the olympic games, ______ in 776 b.c,didt include women players until
1919.(nmet)
a.first playing b.to be first played
c.first played d.to be first playing
析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除a、d；因b选项表“将要被举行”意， 不
合题干之用，只有c选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。
2．european football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport
in the world.(nmet)
a.making b.makes c.made d.to make
析：b、c是谓语动词，在此不可用。d项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有a.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：
the bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。
3．little jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.(nmet)
a.to be taken b.to take c.being taken d.taking
析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，c、d应排除。take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为a。
4．john was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.(nmet)
a.to wash b.washing c.wash d.to be washing
析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为a。
5．the patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.(nmet)
a.to eat not b.eating not c.not to eat d.not eating
析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除b、d两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除a，而定c。
6．--i usually go there by train.
--why not ______ by boat for a change?(nmet)
a.to try going b.trying to go c.to try and go d.try going
析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为d。若将b项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为d。
7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.(nmet)
a.not receiving b.receiving not
c.not having received d.having not received
析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，b、d皆为错误形式。a项不能表达先于decided
的动作，只有选c项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以c为正确答案。
8．charles babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.(nmet)
a.to invent b.inventing c.to have invented d.having mvented析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，
这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。
据此可排除b、d两个选项。又因a表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有c表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选c。
9．most of the artists ______ to the party were from south africa.
a.invited b.to invite c.being invited d.had been invited
析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，b不可用。d项少引导词who，也应排除。
又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，c也应排除，只有a.invited(＝who were
invited)才是正确答案。
10．the murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.(nmet)
a.being tied b.having tied c.to be tired d.tied
析：b表主动意，应排除。c表“将要被捆绑”，a表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有d项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句：
he came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。
非谓语动词专练
1.______ more attention,the trees could have grown better.
a.to give b.having given c.given d.giving
2.the first textbooks ______ for teaching english as a foreign language came out
in the 16th century.
a.to be written b.written c.being written d.having written
3.the missing boys were last seen ______ near the river.
a.to play b.play c.to be playing d.playing
4.______ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.
a.to lose b.lost c.having lost d.losing
5.when passing me he pretended ______ me.
a.to see b.not having seen c.to have not seen d.not to have seen
6.the children insisted ______ there on foot.
a.they going b.they would go c.on their going d.going
7.he still remembers ______ to shanghai when he was very young.
a.taking b.being taken c.taken d.having taken
8.______ the railway station,we had a break,only ______ the train had left.
a.arriving at;to find b.coming to;discovering that
c.on arriving at;finding out d.hurrying to;to have found out
9.with the boy ______ the way,we had no trouble ______ the way ______ to zhongshan
park.
a.leading;finding;leading b.to lead;found;to lead
c.led;finding;led d.leading;found;led
10.______ these pictures,i couldnt help thinking of those days when i was in being
and ______ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building,beijing looks more
beautiful.
a.seeing;seen b.seen;seeing c.seeing;seeing d.seen;seen
11.i can hardly imagine peter ______ across the atlantic ocean in five days.(nmet)
a.to have sailed b.to sail c.sailing d.sail
12.if you wave your book in front of your face,you can feel the air ______ against
your face.(met)
a.moved b.moving c.moves d.to move
13.______ is known to all,china will be an ______ and powerful country in 20 or
30 years time.
a.that;advancing b.this;advanced c.as;advanced d.it;advancing
14.while shopping,people sometimes cant help ______ into buying something they
dont really need.
a.persuade b.persuading c.being persuaded d.be persuaded
15.there was terrible noise ______ the sudden burst of light.(met)
a.followed b.following c.to be followed d.being followed
16.please excuse my ______ in without ______ .
a.come;permitted b.coming;permitted
c.comimg;being permitted d.to come;being permitted
17.______ his head high,the manager walked into the room to attend the
meeting ______ then.
a.holding;being held b.held;holding
c.having held;held d.held;to be held
18.--did you hear her ______ this pop song this time the other day?
--yes,and i heard this song ______ in english.
a.sing;singing b.sung;sung c.sung;singing d.singing;sung
19.the question ______ now at the meeting is not the question ______ yesterday.
a.discussed;discussed b.discussing;had discussed
c.being discussed;discussed d.discussing;discussing
20.with the cooking ______ ,i went on ______ some sewing.
a.done;to do b.being done;doing
c.to be done;doing d.to have done;doing
21.it is no use ______ your past mistakes.
a.regretting b.regret c.to regret d.regretted
22.her husband died in 1980 and had nothing ______ to her,only ______ her five
children.
a.left;to leave b.leaving;leaving c.leaving;left d.left;leaving
23.i am very busy.i have a very difficult problem ______ .
a.to work b.to work out
c.to be worked out d.to work it out
24.i would appreciate ______ back this affernoon.(nmet)
a.you to call b.you call c.your calling d.youre calling
25.climbing mountains was ______ ,so we all felt ______ .
a.tiring;tired b.tired;tiring c.tiring;tiring d.tired;tired
26.i saw some villagers ______ on the bench at the end of the room.
a.seating b.seat
c.seated d.seated themselves
27.she was glad to see her child well ______ care of.
a.take b.to be taken c.taken d.taking
28.it is one of the important problems ______ tomorrow.
a.to solve b.to be solved c.solved d.solving
29.______ maps properly,you need a special pen.
a.drawn b.drawing c.to draw d.be drawing
30.there is a river ______ around our school.
a.to run b.run c.running d.to be running
31.how about the two of us ______ a walk down the garden?
a.to take b.take c.taking d.to be taken
32.i was fortunate to pick up a wallet ______ on the ground on the way back home,
but unfortunately for me,i found my colour tv set. ______ when i got home.
a.lying;stolen b.laying;stealing c.lay;stolen d.lying;stealing
33.whth the kind－hearted boy ______ me with my work,im sure ill be able to spare
time ______ with your work.
a.to help;help you out b.helping;helping you
c.helped;to help you out d.to help;to help you
34.greatly movedd by her words, ______ .
a.tears came to his eyes b.he could hardly hold back his tears
c.tears could hardly be held back d.his eyes were filled with tears.
35.--i hope the children wont touch the dog.
--ive warned them ______ .
a.not b.not to c.not touch d.not do
36.i would love ______ to the party last night but i had to work extra hours to
finish a report.(nmet)
a.to go b.to have gone c.going d.having gone
37.when ______ why he walked in without permission,he just stared at us and
said nothing.
a.been asked b.asked c.asking d.to be asked
38.the man kept silent in the room unless ______ .
a.spoken to b.spoke to c.spoken d.to speak
39.he was often listened ______ in the next room.
a.sing b.sung c.to sing d.to to sing
40.rather than ______ on a crowded bus,he always prefers ______ a bicycle.(nmet)
a.ride;ride b.riding;ride c.ride;to ride d.to ride;riding
41.the boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ______ .
a.not to b.not to do c.not do it d.do not to
42.whats troubling them is ______ enough experienced workers.
a.that they have to b.they have not
c.their not having d.not their having
43.______ his telephone number,she had some difficulty getting in touch with
bill.
a.not knowing b.knowing not
c.not having known d.having not know
44.bamboo is used ______ houses in some places .
a.to build b.to building c.to be built d.being built
45.go on ______ the other exercise after you have finished this one.(met)
a.to do b.doing c.with d.to be doing
46.the day we looked forward to ______ .
a.come b.coming c.has come d.have come
47.whom would you rather ______ the work?
a.to have to do b.to have do c.have to do d.have do
48.do you think it any good ______ with him again?
a.to talk b.talking c.to talking d.having talked
49.sometimes new ideas have to be tested many times before ______ .
a.accepting fully b.being fully accepted
c.fully accepting d.fully being accepted
50.the government forbids ______ such bad books.
a.published b.to publish c.publish d.publishing
非谓语动词专练答案
1―5 c b d b d 6―10 c b a a a 11―15 c b c c b 16―20 c a d c a
21―25 a d b c a 26―30 c c b c c 31―35 c a d b b 36―40 b b a d c
41―45 a c a a a 46―50 c d a b d
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇16：语法系列复习五-----介词、连接词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法系列复习专题五-----介词、连接词
介 词
学习介词用法除要掌握一般常规用法外,还须注意一些特殊用法,固定搭配等。
一、表示时间介词注意点：
1．in＋一段时间＝in＋一段时间s time(与将来时连用)
in three days
in three days time
within＋一段时间（用于各种时态）
如：you must finish reading the book within a week.你必须在一周内读完这本书。
2．on christmas day在圣诞节；at christmas在圣诞节的几天中
3．up to now＝until now, from morning till night, for the time being暂时，
at times有时，day by day一天天地，in no time立刻。
4．during是介词，不能引导从句。
二、注意一些表示地点场所介词短语的引伸、比喻含义
in the mud在泥中，beyond hope绝望, in freezing在严寒天气中，in danger在危
险中，in trouble在困境中，in public在公共场合中，under construction在建设
中，on business出差，in the same boat处境一样，on sale在出售
三、表示方式、手段、工具等介词（by,with,on,in）
1.by: the blind men thought they could learn what the elephant looked like by
touching it./ make a living by teaching/ by hand手工地，靠手工地，by letter,
by post, by electricity, learn sth. by heart, struck by the beauty因美丽
而着迷 he was paid by the hour/ the day/ month/…他按时/日/月/…被付给工钱。
by plane/ train/ ship/ air/ water/ sea/…, by means of用…手段，方式；by
way of经由，取道于… learn english by/ over/ through/ on the radio
2.on: live on food, kneel on ones knees, lie/ sleep on ones back / side / face
仰/侧/俯卧（睡）
3.in: in english, in ink, in silence, in one voice异口同声地，in a hurry匆忙
地，in surprise惊讶地
4．with: write with a pen, work with ones hands, smell with ones nose, beat the
horse with a whip(鞭子)
四、相近介词（短语）辨析
1. on“关于”，学术性强：a lecture on computer
about“关于”，知识性或随便谈论：a discussion about the plan
2. go/come/walk/run后只能用into, put/sit down/throw/jump/fall后可用in/into
3. over在…正上方，under在…正下方
above在…上面（不一定垂直上方），below在…下面
4. in an hour一小时后，用于将来时
after an hour一小时后，用于过去时
5. beside在…旁边
besides除…之外（还有）
except除…之外
except for除（非同类事物）之外
6. on/in the street
at 50 dongfeng road 在东风路50号
7. a hole in the wall
a picture on the wall
a piece of news in the newspaper
the words in the envelop
the monkey in the tree
the apples on the tree(树上的苹果。表示长在树“上”的果实要用介词“on”)
8. the tallest boy of(in) the class/school/…(象class这类群体单位名词前可用
of或in)
the tallest(boy) of the ten boys(象boys这类非群体名词前，只能用of)
9. with the help / the permission of… 在… 帮助/允诺下
under the leadership / the care of… 在…领导/关心下
10. be familiar with sb./sth. 熟悉某人/某物
be familiar to sb. …为某人所熟悉
11. be absent from meeting/class开会/上课缺席
be sbsent in sp. 不在某处
12. be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求
be strict in sth. 严格对待某事
13. shanghai lies in the east of china. 上海位于中国的东部(在中国境内)
korea lies on the east of china. 朝鲜与中国的东部接壤。
japan lies to the east of china. 日本位于中国的东部（不接壤）。
14. at least 至少
in the least 丝毫，一点
15. in the air 空中，在流传
on the air播出
16. shout to 呼喊，向…喊
shout at对…吼，责骂
17. in the way挡路，障碍，妨碍
in a way在某点上，在某种程度上
by the way顺便问一下
on ones way(to) 在…路上
18. at the corner在拐角处（外角）
in the corner在拐角里，在角落里（内角）
on the corner在角落上（外角）
19. on fire着火，失火
on the fire在火上
at the fire在炉边
20. in the end＝at last＝finally
by the end of到…末止
at the end of在…结束时，在…末端，at the end最后。
21. after a time＝after some time过一段时间后
behind time迟到，过期
ahead of time提前，超前
sometime某时
some time某段时间，某一时期
sometimes有时
at a time＝each time每次
at one time＝once曾经
22. for a moment＝for a while/minute一会儿
for the moment暂时
in a moment立刻
at the moment当时
the moment/minute/second/instance…＝as soon as 一…就
23. be tired of… 讨厌 …
be tired with… 因…而疲倦
24. be popular with sb. 受某人的欢迎
be popular for因…而流行
be popular in sp. 在某处流行
25. be pleased with＋名词/what从句 对…满意
be pleased at＋抽象名词 听/看到…而高兴
26. be known to sb.为某人所知
be known as 作为…而出名，被叫作…
be known for因…而出名
27. be busy with sth.忙于某事
be busy(in) doing sth.忙着做某事
28. be late for…迟于参加（某项活动）： she was late for supper.她吃晚饭去迟了。
be late with…某事办迟了： she was late with the supper.她晚饭烧迟了。
介词考点分析
1．my uncle lives______ 105 beijing street. (nmet)
a.on b.at c.to d.of
析：门牌号码前要用at。
2．he slept well_______all the windows open. (nmet)
a.when b.while c.with d.because
析：a、b、d都是连词，其后应接句子(与slept相应，open应为opened)故都不合此题。
with all the windows open是“with＋名词＋形容词”独立结构,在此作方式状语。
故答案为c。
3．we offered him our congratulations_________his passing the college entrance
exams.(nmet)
a.at b.of c.for d.on
析：congratulate sb. on sth.对某人的某事表示祝贺，这是固定说法；offer/express
congratulations on sth./doing sth.对某事/做某事表示祝贺。在这一结构中也用
on。故此题答案是d。
4．if you keep on, youll succeed_____. (nmet)
a.in time b.at one time c.at the same time d.on time
析：四个选项中in time有“终究”。“迟早”意，在此合用，故此题答案为a。
5．great men never give up_______difficulty. (nmet)
a.in face of the b.when facing with
c.in the face of d.when facing by
析：in face of＝in the face of表“面对”意。此题是“面对任何困难”意，为泛指，
并非特指，所以答案为c。
6．the train leaves at 6:00 p.m. so i have to be at the station ______ 5:40 p.m.at
the latest. (nmet)
a.until b.after c.by d.around
析：by可表“不迟于(＝no later than)”意。until与 i have to be at the station
连用，要以“not…until”形式出现，故在此不合；after在此也不合；around表
“大约”意，太笼统了。故此题答案应为c。
连 接 词
一、连词分类：
1．并列连词：是指连接对等的词、词组和句子，而不是连接主句与从句 的连词，如：
and, both…and, neither…nor, not only…but also, as well as, but, however,
while(而), still, yet, or, either…or, otherwise, so, for, therefore, thus
等。
2．从属连词：指连接主句与从句的连词，如：that, whether, if, before, after, as ,
as soon as, once, since, ever since, till, until, when, whenever, while,
because, since, now that, so…that(既然), such…that, so that, in order that,
as if,as thouth,though, although, even though, no matter who/whoever/…，
unless, as/so long as, in case(以防)等。
二、使用连词注意点：
1．for是并列连词，它所引出的理由是一种补充说明，语气很弱。它所引导的分句几乎
可以放在括号里。其引导的分句不能放在句首。
例如：he might have gone to bed, for the light went out.
2．though和although引导从句时主句前不能用but。例如下面句子是错误的：
although/though he was ill, but he went to school.(改正的方法是将but去掉，
或将although, though去掉)。
3．because，as引导原因状语从句时，主句前不能用so。例如下面句子是错的：as /
because there are no classes tomorrow，so they will go on a picnic.（改正
的方法是去掉as, because或去掉so。）
4．当because用来解释或说明某一动作时，不能用for来代替。why开头的问句要用
because开头引出原因，而不能用for开头引出原因。
连词考点分析
1．she thought i was talking about her daughter,______in fact i was talking about
my daughter.(nmet)
a.whom b.where c.which d.while
析：空白处需填一个表示转折对比的连词，while可表“而”、“却”意，故答案为d。
2．he hasnt yet arrived. he may,______, come later.
a.but b.though c.or d.however
析：从空白处看，前后都有逗号，however适合填入，又因however意“然而”，“但是”，
填入空白处后，前后两句意思连贯，故d为正确选项
3．- i dont like fish______ chicken.
- i dont like fish______ i like chicken very much.
a.and; and b.and; but c.or; but d.or; and
析：观察第一句，谓语为否定式，其空白处应该用or来连接并列事物，故可排除a、b。
观察第二句，显然空白处需用一个转折连词，故答案为c。
4．good technique in medicine means less pain and fewer deaths and,_____ ,it is
our duty to master it.(上海高考题)
a.altogether b.therefore c.otherwise d.however
析：从上下文看，前后为因果关系，故应选b。
5．mother was worried because little alice was ill, especially______ father was
away in france.(nmet)
a.as b.that c.during d.if
析：首先可排除c。因为during是介词，不能引导从句。that和if虽然可以引导从句，
但不能表述mother was worried的原因。故只能选a。
6．______ you dont like him is none of my business.(上海高考题)
a.what b.who c.that d.whether
析：从题干看，需要空白处填一词引出you dont like him这样一个事实，显然只有选
c.that合适。
7．the day breaks______ the birds are singing.
a.because b.as c.since d.for
析：若选a、b、c，则the day breaks(天亮)的原因就是the birds are singing(鸟叫)，
显然这是不成理的，只有for引出的句子作为一种附加说明才成立。
介词、连词专练
1．-the place isnt too bad, is it?
-______ its a bit too crowded.
a.no, but b.yes, though c.no, because d.yes, yet
2．five minutes earlier,_____ we could have caught the last train.
a.but b.and c.so d.or
3．they may go to london, but they are not certain______.
a.still b.yet c.already d.however
4．this word may be used both as a noun_____as a verb.
a.as well as b.nor c.and d.or
5．i have read one of his plays______a lot of his poems.
a.but b.while c.as well as d.as well
6．we cant see air, ______,it does exist.
a.and b.but c.however d.still
7．do what you have been told,____ you will be punished.
a.and b.but c.or d.after all
8．she was ill,_____she cant come.
a.for b.therefore c.but d.or
9．-i thought he hated tv.
-you are right,_____he still watches the program.
a.besides b.also c.then d.yet
10．_____you are dismissed.
a.either you go or b.whether you go or
c.both you go and d.not only you go but also
11．it is strange, ______ it is true.
a.if b.or c.so d.and
12．i asked her to stay for tea,_____ i had something to tell her.
a.but b.for c.or d.and
13．i remember_____ this used to he a quiet village. (nmet)
a.when b.how c.where d.what
14．it will be hours______ she comes back.
a.before b.since c.after d.by
15．i had no idea about it______ he told me.
a.until b.there c.that d.where
16．air to us is _____ water to fish.
a.what b.that c.which d.of which
17．when you read the book, youd better make a mark____ you have questions.
a.where b.at which c.at where d.the place where
18．i had no idea where he had been_____ he told me.
a.when b.until c.except d.because
19．_____,mother will wait for him to have dinner together. (nmet)
a.however late is he b.however he is late
c.however d.however late he is
20．it worried her a bit_____ her hair was turning gray. (nmet)
a.while b.that c.if d.for
21．i dont doubt_____ he can pass the entrance examination.
a.whether b.when c.that d.how
22．never believe anything____ any other person has believed it.use your own mind.
a.that b.when c.because d.nor
23．dont stop_____you meet with a word you dont understand.
a.at that time b.each time c.sometimes d.before
24．take an umbrella______ it rains.
a.in case b.in any case c.because d.for
25．_____the teacher found goodness, he praised it.
a.wherever b.however c.as d.because
26．i saw a stranger______ a distance of ten yards.
a.at b.in c.by d.to
27．she went to shanghai______ way of nanjing.
a.by b.on c.in d.to
28．mr.smith set out_____ usa last week.
a.about b.in c.to d.for
29．______the leadership of the party,we should not have succeeded.
a.under b.with c.having not d.but for
30．its well-known______ all of us that taiwan belongs_______ china.
a.by; to b.to; to c.for; to d.to; of
31．_____what age do children begin to go to school?
a.of b.from c.for d.at
32．my aunt came back______ three days.
a.after b.in c.around d.about
33．what did people say______ me?
a.with b.by c.forward d.of
34．in this company we are paid______the month.
a.on b.at c.by d.for
35．students who live in crowded homes find it difficult to study_____comfort.
a.in b.for c.from d.without
36．she looks quite young______her age.
a.at b.of c.by d.for
37．the car went_____the direction of the post office.
a.to b.in c.by d.for
38．children are often named_______ their parents.
a.after b.with c.on d.for
39．－lets go home.
－ok. im getting tired______ shopping.
a.with b.at c.about d.of
40．kates little brother kicked the ball to the river, she took great trouble to
get it _____ the water.
a.on b.over c.from on d.from over
41．we are still one mile_____ the destination (目的地).
a.in need b.out of c.outside d.short of
42．she worked______ science_______ her life.
a.on; throughout b.at; of
c.for; for d.out; in
43．the boy is quick______ understanding.
a.of b.about c.to d.over
44．the field was full______ sheep feeding____the new grass.
a.with; on b.of; in c.with; in d.of; on
45．you unlock the door______ turning the key_____ right.
a.by; to b.by; on c.in; on d.in; to
46．we stopped _____ london_____ the way_____ new york.
a.in; or; to b.at; on; of c.at; on; to d.at; to; of
47．in some countries children normally go to school______bikes.
a.onto b.on c.by d.in
48．he was listened______ great interest.
a.to b.to with c.with d.in
49．considered______a building material, wood is very strong.
a.for b.upon c.on d.as
50．the mountains look grey_______ the blue sky.
a.against b.over c.under d.for
介词、连词专练答案
1－5 a b b c c 6－10 c c b d a
11－15 d b a a a 16－20 b a b d b
21－25 c c b a a 26－30 a a d d b
31－35 d a d c a 36－40 d b a d c
41－45 d a a d a 46－50 c b b d a
责任编辑：李芳芳
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